Write a balanced chemical equation for the equilibrium...

Write a balanced chemical equation for the equilibrium occurring when each of these solutes is added to water, then write the $K_{\mathrm{sp}}$ expression for each solute.
(a) Lead(II) carbonate
(b) Nickel(II) hydroxide
(c) Strontium phosphate
(d) Mercury(I) sulfate

Key Concepts

Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium refers to the state in a reversible reaction where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products. In dissolution reactions, this concept is used to describe the dynamic balance between a sparingly soluble solid and its ions in solution.

Balanced Chemical Equations

Balanced chemical equations represent the stoichiometry of a reaction, showing the conservation of atoms and mass. For dissolution reactions, a balanced equation details the splitting of a solid compound into its constituent ions when it is added to water.

Solubility Product (Ksp)

The solubility product constant, Ksp, is an equilibrium constant specific to the dissolution of sparingly soluble salts. It is expressed as the product of the molar concentrations of the ions, each raised to the power corresponding to its coefficient in the balanced dissolution reaction, and is used to predict the extent of dissolution.

Sparingly Soluble Salts

Sparingly soluble salts are ionic compounds that dissolve in water to a limited extent, establishing an equilibrium between the undissolved solid and its dissolved ions. Their low solubility is quantified by a small Ksp value, and understanding these salts is essential for predicting precipitation and solubility behavior in aqueous solutions.

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