Write a full set of quantum numbers for the following: (a)...

Write a full set of quantum numbers for the following:
(a) The outermost electron in an Li atom
(b) The electron gained when a Br atom becomes a Br' ion
(c) The electron lost when a Cs atom ionizes
(d) The highest energy electron in the ground-state B atom

Key Concepts

Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers are a set of numerical values that describe the unique quantum state of an electron in an atom. They include values for energy level, orbital shape, orbital orientation, and electron spin, and together they allow us to predict electron behavior and distribution.

Principal Quantum Number

The principal quantum number (n) specifies the main energy level or shell in which the electron is found. It essentially determines the electron's average distance from the nucleus and its overall energy, with larger n values corresponding to higher energy levels.

Angular Momentum Quantum Number

The angular momentum quantum number (l) indicates the shape of the orbital occupied by the electron. Its values range from 0 to n-1 for a given principal quantum number, corresponding to different orbital types (s, p, d, f, etc.), which in turn affect the electron's spatial distribution.

Magnetic Quantum Number

The magnetic quantum number (m?) defines the orientation of the orbital in space relative to an external magnetic field. For a given l, m? can take on integer values from -l to +l, specifying the exact orbital among the degenerate orbitals present in that subshell.

Spin Quantum Number

The spin quantum number (m?) describes the intrinsic spin of the electron, which is a fundamental property. It can only have one of two values, +½ or -½, representing the two possible orientations of the electron's spin. This property is essential in ensuring that no two electrons in an atom have the same set of all four quantum numbers.

Electron Configuration

Electron configuration refers to the orderly arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals, following principles like the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. This configuration not only defines the chemical properties of an element but also determines which electron is considered the outermost, gained, or lost during various chemical processes.

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