(5.1) as:
\[ SPL = 20 \log_{10} \left( \frac{P}{P_{ref}} \right) \]
where:
- \( SPL \) is the sound pressure level in decibels (dB),
- \( P \) is the sound pressure in pascals (Pa),
- \( P_{ref} \) is the reference sound pressure level, typically set at \( 20
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