Write balanced formula unit equations for the reactions...

Write balanced formula unit equations for the reactions described by words. (a) Carbon reacts with hot concentrated nitric acid to form carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water. (b) Sodium reacts with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen. (c) Zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form aqueous sodium tetrahydroxozincate and gaseous hydrogen. (The tetrahydroxozincate ion is $\left.\left[\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}\right]^{2-} .\right)$

Write balanced formula unit equations for the reactions described by words.
(a) Carbon reacts with hot concentrated nitric acid to form carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water. (b) Sodium reacts with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen. (c) Zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form aqueous sodium tetrahydroxozincate and gaseous hydrogen. (The tetrahydroxozincate ion is $\left.\left[\mathrm{Zn}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}\right]^{2-} .\right)$

Key Concepts

Complex Ion Formation

Complex ion formation occurs when a central metal ion binds with one or more ligands, forming a charged complex species. This concept is key to understanding reactions where metals interact with excess ligands, resulting in the formation of stable complex ions as part of the overall reaction mechanism.

Redox Reactions

Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species, leading to changes in oxidation states. Understanding redox processes is crucial when balancing equations that include substances undergoing oxidation and reduction simultaneously, ensuring both mass and charge balance.

Acid-Base Reactions

Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of protons (H+) between species, typically resulting in the formation of water and salt or, in some cases, hydroxides and hydrogen gas. Recognizing acid-base behavior in reactions is important for predicting the products and balancing equations accordingly.

Balanced Chemical Equations

This concept involves writing chemical reactions so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation, reflecting the law of conservation of matter. It requires the use of appropriate coefficients to balance the atoms and ensure that mass and charge are conserved during the reaction.

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction expressed by the balanced equation. It allows the calculation of the amount of each substance involved in the reaction, helping to predict yields and determine limiting reagents.

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