Write the number of different kinds of phenotypes, excluding...

Write the number of different kinds of phenotypes, excluding gender, you would see among a large number of progeny from an $F_1$ mating between individuals of identical genotype that are heterocygous for one or two genes (that is, $A a$ or $A a B b$ ) as indicated. No gene interactions means that the phenotype determined by one gene is not influenced by the genotype of the other gene. a. One gene; $A$ completely dominant to $a$. b. One gene; $A$ and $a$ codominant. c. One gene; $A$ incompletely dominant to $a$. d. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$. e. Two genes, $10 \mathrm{~m} . \mathrm{u}$. apart; no gene interactions; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$. f. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; $A$ and $a$ codominant, and $B$ incompletely dominant to $b$. g. Two genes, $10 \mathrm{~m} . \mathrm{u}$. apart; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$; and with recessive epistasis between the genes. h. Two unlinked duplicated genes (that is, $A$ and $B$ perform the same function); $A$ and $B$ completely dominant to $a$ and $b$, respectively. i. Two genes, $0 \mathrm{~m} . \mathrm{u}$ apart; no gene interactions; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$. (There are two possible answers.)

Write the number of different kinds of phenotypes, excluding gender, you would see among a large number of progeny from an $F_1$ mating between individuals of identical genotype that are heterocygous for one or two genes (that is, $A a$ or $A a B b$ ) as indicated. No gene interactions means that the phenotype determined by one gene is not influenced by the genotype of the other gene.
a. One gene; $A$ completely dominant to $a$.
b. One gene; $A$ and $a$ codominant.
c. One gene; $A$ incompletely dominant to $a$.
d. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$.
e. Two genes, $10 \mathrm{~m} . \mathrm{u}$. apart; no gene interactions; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$.
f. Two unlinked genes; no gene interactions; $A$ and $a$ codominant, and $B$ incompletely dominant to $b$.
g. Two genes, $10 \mathrm{~m} . \mathrm{u}$. apart; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$; and with recessive epistasis between the genes.
h. Two unlinked duplicated genes (that is, $A$ and $B$ perform the same function); $A$ and $B$ completely dominant to $a$ and $b$, respectively.
i. Two genes, $0 \mathrm{~m} . \mathrm{u}$ apart; no gene interactions; $A$ completely dominant to $a$, and $B$ completely dominant to $b$. (There are two possible answers.)

Key Concepts

Genetic Linkage and Recombination

Genetic linkage occurs when genes are located close together on the same chromosome, which reduces the chance of being separated by recombination during meiosis. Recombination is the process of exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, and its frequency is often measured in map units (centimorgans). The physical proximity of genes affects the probability of recombination and thus the assortment of phenotypes.

Duplicated Genes

Duplicated genes refer to multiple genes that perform the same or similar functions. These genes can mask the effect of a mutation in one copy due to functional redundancy, and in genetic crosses, the presence of duplicate genes can lead to non-Mendelian ratios because the loss of function in one gene may be compensated for by the other.

Gene Interactions and Epistasis

Gene interactions encompass the various ways in which genes can affect each other’s expression. When genes act independently, each gene contributes its own effect to the phenotype without influencing other genes. Epistasis is a form of gene interaction where one gene’s presence masks or alters the phenotypic expression of another gene, which can modify expected phenotypic ratios.

Dominance Relationships

Dominance relationships describe how different alleles interact to produce a phenotype. In complete dominance, the dominant allele completely masks the effect of a recessive allele. In cases of incomplete dominance, the heterozygote exhibits an intermediate phenotype, while in codominance, both alleles are simultaneously and fully expressed in the phenotype.

Independent Assortment

Independent assortment is the principle that genes on different chromosomes, or genes far apart on the same chromosome, segregate independently during meiosis. This leads to a variety of genotypic and phenotypic combinations in the offspring, assuming no interference from gene interactions or linkage.

Transcript

00:01 In order to answer this question let's talk about inheritance, it says you perform a cross between two true breeding strains of a zucchini, one has green fruit and the other has yellow fruit, the f1 plants are all green so you're crossing the following practically, something like a maybe something like this and here's something like this but the thing is that in the f1 you're gonna get full heterocycles okay and when you perform this cross in order to get the f2 normally in when you perform this cross as a hybrid cross you get a 9 to 3 to 3 and 1 ratio phenotypic ratio okay where 9 are gonna be like this 3 are gonna be like this 3 are gonna be like this and 1 is gonna be like this but in this case you're getting a 9 to 7 phenotypic ratio where 9 are green and 7 are yellow so in this case it means that what is happening is that your 9 keeps normal it means like this but these three here are producing 3 plus 3 6 6 plus 1 7 these 7 are going to be yellow apparently okay so what is the common thing in this case well in this case what is going to happen is that whenever you have the dominant a and the dominant b it means both of them are in the same genotype you're gonna get green and any other phenotype or any other genotype that does not have dominant a and dominant b is going to be for for yellow okay so this is what is happening in this case so it says explain this result what were the genotypes of the two parental strains so in this case we can see that this genotype is going to call for green and any other genotype is going to call for yellow so for example in this case you have that well this is going to be green the f1 is green and it fits with the information that they are giving us and in order to get a green parent with a yellow parent because in the in the parental cross it says that your performer corresponds to two true breeding true breeding means homozygous and one of them is green so the only possibility for a green that is true breeding is a homozygous dominant for both of them like this okay so it means that this yellow parent is like this this is for the yellow and this is for the green okay but at the end of the day you're gonna get that all of the f1 are gonna be heterozygous anyway and then it says indicate that the phenotypes with frequencies of the progeny of a test cross the f1 plans so a test cross is when you cross a well for the f1 you have this and at this cross is when you cross with a double homozygous recessive that is like this so you have to first get the gametes from each of these parents the only possible and different gamete from this parent is gonna be this one you're gonna get that gametes by mixing each of these ales with each of these valenes and in this case you're gonna have four different gametes that are this this this and this okay so let's place them in a panel square and you're gonna have the following panel square that is actually very short you have heterozygous…

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