Consider the trophic cascade example. The absence of Tarsobaenus beetles results in [ Select ] ["the same number of", "more", "fewer"] Pheidole ants and a [ Select ] ["similar", "greater", "lower"] amount of leaf area lost to herbivores. This suggests that [ Select ] ["top-down", "bottom-up", "both top-down and bottom-up"] control is most important for determining Piper cenocladum leaf area.