(2) Negate so that negation symbols immediately precede predicates. Again, you need not show work here
(though doing so may help increase partial credit).
(a) ∃x(P(x) ∧ Q(x))
(b) ∀x(P(x) -> (Q(x) ∨ R(x)))
(c) ∀x(P(x) -> ∃y∀z(Q(y, z) ∨ R(y)))
(d) ∀x∀y∃z(P(x, y) ↔ Q(z))