9. Define end-systolic volume (ESV).
10. What is the mathematical relationship between end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and stroke volume?
11. If the ESV is 50 ml and the EDV is 120 ml, what is the stroke volume?
12. If the heart rate is 70 bpm and the stroke volume is 70 ml/beat, then what is the cardiac output in L/min?
13. What's the relationship between cardiac muscle stretch and force of contraction? What effect does this have on stroke volume? What is the name of this phenomenon?
14. What's the relationship between venous return and stroke volume?
15. What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on heart rate and stroke volume? How does this affect cardiac output?
16. What is the effect of increased parasympathetic activity on heart rate and stroke volume?
17. What is the effect of increased venous return on heart rate and stroke volume? How does this affect cardiac output?
18. What effect does a slow heart rate at rest have on stroke volume?
19. What effect does a fast heart rate at rest have on stroke volume?
20. What is the effect of exercise on heart rate and stroke volume? How does this affect cardiac output?