3. a. Write down the formula used to calculate the Present Value (PV) of a future Cash Flow (CF) for 'n' years. Using this formula, explain why the price of a coupon bond and the yield to maturity are negatively related.
b. If there is an increase in interest rates, which would you rather be holding, long-term bonds or short-term bonds? Why? Which type of bond has the greater interest-rate risk?