Apple's vision of a closed-loop supply chain first appeared in the Environmental Responsibility Report published in 2017, and in the 2018 and 2019 reports, Apple also mentioned the progress of this project.
As early as 2016, Apple announced its self-developed iPhone recycling robot, Liam. This is a device with a huge robotic arm, which can gradually separate the components of the iPhone 6 like peeling fruit and send them to a designated recycling area to reduce the chance of contamination of different types of metals. Since 2017, Apple has used 100% recycled tin solder on the motherboards of all iPhones, Macs, and iPads, saving Apple from mining nearly 29,000 tons of tin in 2019 where newly mined minerals will be needed on an even larger scale in the world due to the rising popularity of electric vehicles.
In 2018, Apple launched an upgraded version of the Daisy robot, which can automatically identify 15 iPhone models and disassemble up to 200 iPhones per hour on average so that 14 minerals, including lithium, can be extracted and recycled. Apple introduced MacBook Air and Mac mini models with 100% recycled aluminum bodies, some of which are recycled from iPhones.
The vibration motors of the 2019 iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro series are also made from 100% recycled rare earth elements. In December 2019, Apple also purchased the first batch of carbon-free aluminum from Alcoa Corporation and Rio Tinto. In the official introduction, Apple emphasized that this would bring revolutionary progress to the global aluminum metal manufacturing industry.
a) List ALL the principles of engineering for sustainable development.
(6 marks)
b) Explain how Apple achieves sustainable development in the following principles.
(19 marks)
1. Corrected_text:
