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Discuss the principles and applications of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Explore the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC compared to traditional alternating current (AC) transmission, focusing on aspects such as efficiency, distance, and cost. Examine the key components of HVDC systems, including converters, transformers, and control systems. Analyze case studies of HVDC projects and their impact on grid interconnectivity, renewable energy integration, and cross-border electricity trade.