(a) Represent the common form of each argument using letters to stand for component sentences.
Original Argument
Common Form
If all computer programs contain errors, then this program contains an error.
This program does not contain an error.
Therefore, it is not the case that all computer programs contain errors.
able[[-- Select--- ,✓
Original Argument If all computer programs contain errors, then this program contains an error. This program does not contain an error.
Common Form --Select--- ---Select---v ---Select---
Therefore, it is not the case that all computer programs contain errors.
If ---Select---
], then---Select---
2 is not odd. Therefore, it is not the case that all prime numbers are odd.