A critically ill 59 year-old male patient with gastrointestinal septic shock due to infection by a Gram-negative bacterium and septic AKI. Prior to intensive care unit admission, the patient reported intermittent diarrhea and decreased urine output. His blood pressure was 70/40 mmHg, necessitating fluid resuscitation and large doses of noradrenaline. Based on the results of a blood culture and the presence of hypotension, oliguria, and hypoxemia, we diagnosed septic shock, AKI, and multiple organ dysfunction. Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced AKI?
A. Dysregulated immune responses and systemic inflammation including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1\beta , IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-\alpha , chemokines and ROS.
B. Hemodynamic changes including alterations of renal blood flow, macrocirculation and microcirculation.
C. Dysfunction of renal microvascular endothelial cells and increased microvascular permeability.
D. The injury of renal tubular epithelial cells and reduced autophagy at the late stage of sepsis.
E. Sepsis-induced AKI includes injury that primarily develops as the indirect consequence of sepsis or sepsis therapies.