Operating environment
Example: The operating environment of a smartphone includes the hardware components, such as the screen, battery, and processor, as well as the software components, such as the operating system and installed applications.
System boundary
Example: The system boundary of a car includes all the components that are essential for its operation, such as the engine, transmission, and wheels, while excluding non-essential components such as the radio or air conditioning system.
System attribute
Example: A system attribute of a computer network may be its reliability, which refers to the ability of the network to consistently perform its functions without failure.
Dynamic behavior
Example: The dynamic behavior of a weather forecasting system involves constantly updating and adjusting its predictions based on new data and changing conditions.
Emergent behavior
Example: The emergent behavior of a traffic system occurs when individual drivers following traffic rules and signals result in the overall flow of traffic.
Black box/white box representation
Example: In a black box representation of a software application, the internal workings and code are hidden from the user, while in a white box representation, the user has access to the internal workings and code.