IV) Determine whether the arguments below are deductive/inductive, valid/invalid, strong/weak, sound/unsound, cogent/uncogent.
1. To coat it with gold, the steel watch must be placed in a vacuum chamber. Necessarily, therefore, the watch cannot become rusty during that time. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent
2. It tends to be cold in Hokkaido in January. So, probably it will be cold in Hokkaido next January. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent
3. Kyoto is west of Nagoya. Hence, Tokyo is east of Nagoya because Tokyo is east of Kyoto. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent
4. Either our actions are random, or our actions are determined. If our actions are random, we do not have free will. If our actions are determined, we do not have free will. Thus we do not have free will. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent
5. Harvard University has been a leading American university for many years. Therefore, probably Harvard University will be a leading American university 10 years from now. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent
6. Most great ideas are ridiculed in the beginning. I have a great idea. Then it will probably start by being ridiculed. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent
7. Very few insects are purple. Very few purple things are edible. So very few insects are edible. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent
8. Most cooks are men. Most men are insensitive people. So most cooks are insensitive people. *
deductive, valid, sound
deductive, valid, unsound
deductive, invalid, unsound
inductive, strong, cogent
inductive, strong, uncogent
inductive, weak, uncogent