Texts:
1) Normal daily urine output in mL for adults.
2) Orientation of the three filtration barriers in the kidney, their origin (endothelial, epithelial), and composition.
3) Characteristics of proteins filtered by a healthy kidney.
4) Characteristics of an ideal renal filtration (GFR) marker.
5) Creatinine: origin, steady-state production, metabolism, and tubular secretion.
6) Equations and online calculation and interpretation of GFR from plasma creatinine, age, etc.
7) Normal values of GFR calculated online.
8) Calculate and interpret protein/creatinine ratio.
9) Function of macula densa, composition of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and mesangial cells.
10) Mechanisms and names of ACE and ARB inhibitors.
11) Stimuli for aldosterone secretion (2), mechanism of aldosterone action (2).
12) Distal vs. proximal tubule: function in controlling salts.
13) Function, stimuli for secretion, and action of renin, AT I, and AT II.
14) Renal threshold for urinary excretion of glucose.
15) Dipstick detection of albumin, Ig, Tamm-Horsfall protein.
16) Interpret intravascular hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis using a dipstick patch for blood.
17) Interpret dipstick results for UTI (nitrite, protein, blood, leukocyte esterase).
18) Clinical significance of non-ketotic hypoglycemia in neonates.