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Rachel Gore verified

Numerade educator

A 75-year-old female client reports that she has lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds; she is 5′3″. She complains that food has lost its taste, and when she does eat, she develops severe heartburn. She is now in your office for assessment. Her daily intake is 1000 calories with 35 grams of protein. A sampling of her typical daily menu is as follows: ​ 1 cup nonfat milk 1 medium apple 1 slice bread + 3 Tbsp butter 1 cup black coffee + 3 Tbsp sugar 1/3 cup cooked rice 1/2 cup cooked zucchini 2 oz ground beef 1 cup orange juice 1 oz cheddar cheese Black coffee 2 martinis before dinner ​ Which diet-related activity would likely help with the client's heartburn? a. eating a light breakfast but a big supper b. restricting herself to a low-fat diet c. consuming just one cup of coffee after dinner d. consuming just one drink before dinner e. a 30-minute nap after eating

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Nick Johnson verified

Numerade educator

Directed Acyclic Graphs: Please select one answer Are useful to identify information bias, but not selection bias. Can identify the maximum set of variables that researchers need to control for. Can inform decisions to control for confounding. Are expensive to develop.

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

Question 10 A case-control study examined the association between smoking and hypertension (i.e. high blood pressure). During the analysis of data, you noticed that the association between smoking and hypertension varies a lot in magnitude in different age groups of participants. You may conclude that this is an example of: Effect modification Information bias Confounding Selection bias

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

In a case-control study on the association between physical activity and the risk of stroke, researchers reported that the odds ratio of stroke in individuals reporting high levels of physical activity was equal to 0.79 (95% CI, 0.50-1.08) compared to those with low levels of physical activity. Moreover, this OR was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.86-1.20) among obese and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.20-0.65) among non-obese participants. Given these findings, the researchers should: Please select one answer Focus on obese participants and ignore non-obese individuals. Focus on non-obese participants and ignore those with obesity. Match participants according to their obesity status. Stratify by weight status and present stratum-specific results.

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

The effect of a drug on the risk of anaphylaxis was evaluated in a cohort study. The crude risk ratio was equal to 2.5, indicating that participants using the drug had 2.5 times the risk of developing anaphylaxis compared to those who used a placebo. Researchers decided to stratify by sex. According to their findings, they concluded that sex is an effect modifier, as: Please select one answer The risk ratios for men and women differ. The risk ratios for men and women are similar. The risk ratios for men and women are the same with the crude risk ratio. The risk ratios for men and women are different from the crude risk ratio.

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

During the analysis of a case-control study, the adjusted effect estimate differs more than 15% compared to the crude effect estimate. This is sometimes considered as evidence of: Selection bias Confounding Interview bias Effect modification

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

In a cohort study focused on the potential association of fast food consumption and the risk of stroke, researchers suspect that age and income are confounders. To remove the effect of these factors on the results of the analysis they should: Focus only on participants in a certain age group with high income. Use a multivariable regression model including each of these variables. Stratify participants according to their age and calculate a Mantel-Haenszel adjusted odds ratio. Match those with stroke to those without stroke by income.

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

In a case-control study of serum creatinine and chronic kidney disease, the method used to measure the serum creatinine in blood was inaccurate. As a result, 32% of the study participants who truly had normal levels of serum creatinine were classified as having high levels. This misclassification was applied unevenly between participants with and without chronic kidney disease. The resulting odds ratio for the association of serum creatinine and chronic kidney disease is expected to be: Please select one answer Biased towards the null value. Biased towards or away from the null value. Biased away from the null value. Higher in cases compared to controls.

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

In 2015, a study evaluating the risk factors of obesity in adolescence was conducted using data from 20 schools. The results showed that adolescents who consumed soft drinks on a regular basis have 2 times the odds of developing obesity compared to those who never consume soft drinks (OR=2). Further stratification of participants according to their mothers' educational level, showed that the odds ratio of developing obesity was 1.54 among adolescents whose mothers had a low level of education and 1.48 among those whose mothers had a degree. The calculated Mantel-Haenszel OR adjusted for mother's education level was equal to 1.52. Given these findings, researchers may conclude that: Mother's education level is an effect modifier Mother's education level is not associated with the development of adolescent obesity. Mother's education level is a confounding variable.

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James Kiss verified

Numerade educator

Consider a case-control study that focuses on the association between road accidents and the age of drivers. Among participants who have not caused any road accident (controls), age and driving fast cars are not associated. However, drivers of fast cars are more likely to cause road accidents. Is driving fast cars a confounder of the association between driver's age and road accidents? Please select one answer 1 point Yes No

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