In the Born approximation (the first term of the Born series), the scattering amplitudes are given by the Fourier transform of the scattering potential: f(θ, φ) = - 1/(4π) ∫ d^3~r e^(-i(~ks-~ki)·~r)U(~r). (7) Here, ~ki is the momentum of the incident particle, and ~ks is the momentum of the scattered particle, which has the same magnitude but possibly a different direction. The angle between them is θ. Consider a scattering potential that is translationally invariant. That is,