Question 4.
Describe how each of the following factors might explain why PPP is a better guide
for exchange rate movements in the long run versus the short run: (i) transactions costs, (ii)
nontraded goods, (iii) imperfect competition, (iv) price stickiness. As markets become
increasingly integrated, do you suspect PPP will become a more useful guide in the future? Why
or why not? (10 marks, 2.5 marks for each sub-question)