A 52-year-old male patient with no prior medical history presented to the emergency department with fever, chills, night sweets, with dark concentrated urine. Lab work showed serum creatinine of 3.2 mg/dl. Regarding AKI categorization using novel biomarkers, which of the following is CORRECT?
A. It is based on the clinical use of novel biomarkers rather than functional biomarkers of AKI (i.e., serum creatinine and urine output).
B. In the revised AKI categorization system during the 23rd Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) workgroup, each KDIGO stage of AKI subcategorized by the presence or absence of damage biomarkers.
C. For KDIGO stage 1 AKI, stage 1S means functional change without elevated damage biomarkers
D. For KDIGO stage 1 AKI, stage 1A means functional change and elevated damage biomarkers
E. This staging system for AKI has been validated for critically ill patients.b