The Hawthorne Studies were a series of famous experiments on employee productivity and well-being, conducted at the Western Electric Company in the 1920s. These studies discovered the so-called “Hawthorne Effect”, which describes a change in behavior that occurs simply because a researcher pays attention to a participant. This kind of study lends itself extremely well to a Dependent Samples t-test. Imagine worker productivity is measured at Time 1 (“Pretest”), before the study begins, on a scale from 0-100, where higher scores indicate higher productivity. Researchers then enter the electrical plant on a Monday morning, and start watching workers doing their jobs. While they watch the workers, they scribble notes using a clipboard that is visible to the employees. The researchers spend two hours each day for one week watching and recording employee behavior. At the end of the week (Friday), worker productivity is measured again using the same 100 point scale (“Posttest”). The research question is whether there is a difference in worker productivity before versus after the researchers observed the employees; i.e. Did a Hawthorne Effect occur in this study?