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Animal Form and Function

Animal form and function is the study of the physical characteristics of animals, as they relate to their survival and ability to reproduce. In humans, the study of animal form and function is known as zoology. The branch of science that deals with the anatomy of animals is known as anatomists. The study of animal form and function is a sub-discipline of biology. Form refers to the shape and structure of an animal. This can be broken down further into the categories of external form (form of the body) and internal form (form of the internal organs). Not all animals have a distinct external form. For example, sponges have no external form because they do not have a body. Function refers to the animal's behavior, physiology, and development. For example, a bird's wings are used to fly, a bird's wings are designed to enable flight in the first place.

Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans

49 Practice Problems
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00:25
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues

Receptors in the vestibular apparatus respond to changes in
a. head position.
b. position of limbs.
c. brightness of light.
d. taste.

Sensory Systems
Joanna Quigley
00:25
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues

Functions of connective tissue include
a. establishing a structural framework for the body
b. transporting fluids and dissolved materialss
c. storing energy reserves.
d. all of the above

Body Organization and Homeostasis
Sam Limsuwannarot
00:16
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues

A single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates is called
a. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
b. a neuromuscular junction.
c. a motor unit.
d. summation.

The Muscular System
Sam Limsuwannarot

Coordination and Control

32 Practice Problems
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00:16
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues

Belinda was riding a bicycle without a helmet and was struck by a car. She hit the back of her head very hard in the fall. The physician is quite concerned because the medulla is located at the base of the skull. She explains to Belinda's parents that injury to the medulla could result in
a. the loss of coordination, such that the child may never regain the motor skills needed to ride a bicycle.
b. the loss of speech.
c. amnesia (the loss of memory).
d. death, because many life-support systems are controlled here.

The Nervous System
Sam Limsuwannarot
00:23
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues

Repolarization
a. establishes the threshold voltage.
b. is due to movement of potassium ions out of the axon.
c. is due to movement of sodium ions into the axon.
d. occurs as the sodium-potassium pump moves potassium out of the axon.

Neurons: The Matter of the Mind
Sam Limsuwannarot
04:24
Biology Concepts and Applications

Match the organisms with the appropriate description.
____fishes ____amphibians ____reptiles ____birds ____monotremes ____marsupials ____hominids
a. first land tetrapods
b. feathered amniotes
c. egg-laying mammals
d. humans and close relatives
e. cold-blooded amniotes
f. pouched mammals
g. most diverse vertebrates

Animal Evolution—The Vertebrates
Nicholas Sacco

Homeostatic Processes for Thermoregulation

22 Practice Problems
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00:24
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues

In emphysema,
a. the number of alveoli is reduced.
b. cartilage rings in the trachea break down.
c. the diaphragm is paralyzed.
d. the epiglottis becomes less mobile.

The Respiratory System
Sam Limsuwannarot
02:16
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

Match each term with the most suitable description.
a. signaling cell in nervous tissue
b. secretion through duct
c. collagen-producing cell
d. contraction is involuntary
e. pigment-producing cell
f. main source of metabolic heat
g. main cell type in epidermis
h. fluid connective tissue
i. includes interstitial fluid, lymph
j. secretes hormones
exocrine gland ______
endocrine gland _____
fibroblast _____
melanocyte _____
neuron _____
smooth muscle _____
skeletal muscle _____
blood _____
keratinocyte _____
extracellular fluid _____

Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
Ronald Prasad
02:02
Life: The Science of Biology

Which of the following is an important difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm of similar body size?
$a.$ An ectotherm has higher $Q_{10}$ values.
$b.$ Only an ectotherm uses behavioral thermoregulation.
$c.$ Only an endotherm can constrict and dilate the blood vessels to the skin to alter heat flow.
$d .$ Only an endotherm can have a fever.
$e .$ At a body temperature of $37^{\circ} \mathrm{C},$ an ectotherm has a lower metabolic rate than an endotherm.

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation
Christina Sorrentino

Energy Use

8 Practice Problems
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01:52
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

Your body's main energy reservoir is _____.
a. glycogen stored in cardiac muscle
b. lipids stored in adipose tissue
c. starch stored in skeletal muscle
d. phosphorus stored in bone

Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
Christina Sorrentino
00:14
Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology

Your body converts excess carbohydrates and proteins to fats that accumulate to high concentrations in ____ .
A. fibroblasts
B. neurons
C. adipose tissue cells
D. melanocytes

Animal Tissues and Organs
Sunshine Brosi
01:56
Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology

Match the words with their definitions. myoglobin
a. long chain of sarcomeres
myostatin
b. makes ATP in white fibers
myosin
c. colors red fibers
myofibril
d. connects a muscle to a bone
ligament
e. ring of muscle
tendon
f. slows muscle protein production
sphincter
g. motor protein of sarcomere
osteoporosis
h. connects bone to bone
arthritis
i. inflamed joint(s)
lactate ferm
j. decline in bone density

How Animals Move
Sunshine Brosi

Influences on Metabolic Rate

17 Practice Problems
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01:21
Biochemistry

REFLECT AND APPLY Metabolic cycles are rather common (Calvin cycle, citric acid cycle, urea cycle $) .$ Why are cycles so useful to organisms?

The Metabolism of Nitrogen
Carlene Jimenez
00:27
Biochemistry

In eukaryotic cells, metabolic pathways occur in specific locations, such as the mitochondrion or the cytosol. What sort of transport processes are required as a result?

Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling
Sam Limsuwannarot
01:08
Biology: Concepts and Investigations

Explain how a sessile or slow-moving lifestyle, such as that of sponges, sea cucumbers, and tunicates, might select for bright colors and an arsenal of toxic chemicals.

Animals
Victoria Karaluz

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