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Osmoregulation and Excretion

Osmoregulation and excretion are the mechanisms by which an organism regulates its internal fluid and electrolyte concentrations. In animals, these processes are carried out by the kidneys, liver, and other organs. Osmoregulation is the regulation of blood plasma osmoles and water concentrations in response to changes in osmotic pressure. In humans, osmoregulation maintains blood plasma osmolarity within a relatively narrow range. The cells of the body use a variety of osmotic and nonosmotic mechanisms to regulate fluid balance, including osmoreceptor reflexes, and by generating a variety of hormones and other signaling molecules that affect renal function. Excretion is the process of removing waste materials, or metabolic products, from the body, also called renal excretion. These are substances that are no longer useful to the body because they have been metabolized or otherwise used up. The kidneys are the primary organs involved in excretion. Other important organs involved include the skin, lungs, salivary glands, and the gastrointestinal tract.

Osmosis, Osmolarity, and Osmoregulation

35 Practice Problems
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02:05
Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective

Which of the following about bacterial cystitis is false?
a) About one-third of all women will have it at some time during their life.
b) Catheterization of the bladder markedly increases the risk of contracting the disease.
c) Individuals who have a bladder catheter in place indefinitely risk bladder infections with multiple species of intestinal bacteria at the same time.
d) Bladder infections occur as often in men as they do in women.
e) Bladder infections can be asymptomatic.

Genitourinary Tract Infections
Joanna Quigley
01:36
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System

The functional unit of a kidney is the _____________.
a. pelvis
b. nephron
c. glomerulus
d. renal pyramid

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive
Eric Goldman
02:05
Biology: Concepts and Investigations

Review the action of steroid and peptide hormones in chapter 27 Which hormone should act faster, ADH or aldosterone? Why?

Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
Aria Rotbart

Transport Epithelia

3 Practice Problems
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01:50
Life: The Science of Biology

Which statement about nutrient absorption by the intestinal mucosal cells is true?
$a .$ Carbohydrates are absorbed as disaccharides.
$b$. Fats are absorbed as fatty acids and monoglycerides.
c. Amino acids move across the plasma membrane only by diffusion.
$d$. Bile transports fats across the plasma membrane.
e. Most nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum.

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption
Christina Sorrentino
03:03
Life: The Science of Biology

Birds that feed on marine animals ingest a lot of salt, but they excrete most of it by means of
$a .$ Malpighian tubules.
$b$. rectal salt glands.
$c .$ gill membranes.
$d$. hypertonic urine.
$e .$ nasal salt glands.

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion
Noah Boudrie
00:31
Life: The Science of Biology

How are earthworm metanephridia like mammalian nephrons?
$a .$ Both process coelomic fluid.
$b .$ Both take in fluid through a ciliated opening.
$c .$ Both produce hypertonic urine.
d. Both employ tubular secretion and resorption to control urine composition.
$e .$ Both deliver urine to a urinary bladder.

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion
Shazia Naz

Nitrogenous Wastes

38 Practice Problems
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01:01
Biology of Humans: Concepts, Applications, and Issues

Which of the following substances has the lowest percent reabsorption by nephrons?
a. glucose
b. water
c. bicarbonate
d. urea

The Urinary System
Simon Sauvageau
01:13
Biology: Concepts and Investigations

What are the three types of nitrogenous wastes? Which animals are most likely to excrete each one, and why?

Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
03:29
Biology: Concepts and Investigations

Draw a nephron and label the parts.

Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
Aria Rotbart

Excretory Processes

58 Practice Problems
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00:57
Biology: Concepts and Investigations

Diuretic drugs prevent ions from being reabsorbed from the nephron. Explain why a diuretic drug might lower blood pressure. Why do some patients have low levels of salts in their blood while taking a diuretic?

Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
Emily Himsel
00:51
Biology Concepts and Applications

Nonshivering heat production involves the mitochondria of
a. the extremities
b. the kidneys
c. brown adipose tissue
d. epithelial tissue

Maintaining the Internal Environment
Sam Limsuwannarot
00:51
Biology Concepts and Applications

Match each structure with a function.
a. start of nephron
b. delivers urine to body surface
c. carries urine from kidney to bladder
d. secretes ADH
e. target of aldosterone
ureter
Bowman's capsule
urethra
collecting tubule
pituitary gland

Maintaining the Internal Environment
Sam Limsuwannarot

The Nephron

52 Practice Problems
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00:24
Biology Concepts and Applications

Kidneys return most of the water and small solutes back to blood by way of
a. glomerular filtration
b. tubular reabsorption
c. tubular secretion
d. both a and b

Maintaining the Internal Environment
Sam Limsuwannarot
00:34
Biology Concepts and Applications

Bowman's capsule, the start of the tubular part of a nephron, is located in the _____________ .
a. renal cortex
b. renal medulla
c. renal pelvis
d. renal artery

Maintaining the Internal Environment
Sam Limsuwannarot
00:29
Biology Concepts and Applications

Malpighian tubules of _____________ eliminate uric acid.
a. birds
b. marine fishes
$c$ insects
d. earthworms

Maintaining the Internal Environment
Sam Limsuwannarot

Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney

39 Practice Problems
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01:22
Biology Concepts and Applications

Kidneys send water and small solutes back to blood by way of _______.
a. filtration
b. tubular reabsorption
c. tubular secretion
d. both a and b

The Internal Environment
Christina Sorrentino
04:37
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

Match each structure with a function.
______ureter ______Bowman's capsule ______urethra ______collecting duct ______pituitary gland
a. start of nephron
b. delivers urine to body surface
c. carries urine from kidney to bladder
d. secretes ADH
e. target of aldosterone

Maintaining the Internal Environment
Eric Goldman
01:26
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

Ammonia is converted to less toxic urea by the _________.
a. liver
b. stomach
c. gallbladder
d. rectum

Digestion and Human Nutrition
Leah Lampen

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