Download the App!

Get 24/7 study help with the Numerade app for iOS and Android! Enter your email for an invite.

Sent to:
Search glass icon
  • Login
  • Textbooks
  • Ask our Educators
  • Study Tools
    Study Groups Bootcamps Quizzes AI Tutor iOS Student App Android Student App StudyParty
  • For Educators
    Become an educator Educator app for iPad Our educators
  • For Schools

The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction

In biology, the cell cycle is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It involves the replication of the cell's contents, the growth and division of the cell, and the cell's subsequent daughter cells. The length of the cycle varies among the different types of cells. The cell cycle is divided into four phases: the G1 phase (gap 1), the S phase (synthesis), the G2 phase (gap 2), and the M phase (mitosis). Mitosis is further divided into two phases: prophase and metaphase. The process of DNA replication is a key part of cell division. It is an accurate and error-free process that is necessary for the faithful transmission of genetic information to the next generation. This process requires the cell to "rehearse" the steps needed for DNA replication, with the final result being the duplication of the DNA molecule (like an encore). In the process of DNA replication, the cell must ensure that the copy of the DNA molecule is identical to the original, and only then can the cell go on to divide and reproduce. After the cell has divided, the DNA must be replicated once more to ensure that each daughter cell has a complete copy of the DNA. The cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that ensures the fidelity of DNA replication in each cell division. The cell cycle and the cell's responses to the environment are orchestrated by a group of regulatory proteins called cyclins, which are transcription factors that bind to specific regions of the cell's DNA. The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It involves the replication of the cell's contents, the growth and division of the cell, and the cell's subsequent daughter cells. The length of the cell cycle varies among the different types of cells. The cell cycle is divided into four phases: the G1 phase (gap 1), the S phase (synthesis), the G2 phase (gap 2), and the M phase (mitosis). Mitosis is further divided into two phases: prophase and metaphase.

Overview

39 Practice Problems
View More
03:19
Physical Biology of the Cell

The sugar budget in minimal medium
In rapidly dividing bacteria, the cell can divide in times as short as 1200 s. Make a careful estimate of the number of sugars (glucose) needed to provide the carbon for constructing the macromolecules of the cell during one cell cycle of a bacterium. Use this result to work out the number of carbon atoms that need to be taken into the cell each second to sustain this growth rate.

When: Stopwatches at Many Scales
Prashant Bana
02:25
Physical Biology of the Cell

In the estimate on cell-to-cell variability in the chapter, we learned that the standard deviation in the number of molecules partitioned to one of the daughter cells upon cell division is given by

$$\left\langle n_{1}^{2}\right\rangle-\left\langle n_{1}\right\rangle^{2}=N p q$$

(a) Derive this result.
(b) Derive the simple and elegant result that the average difference in intensity between the two daughter cells is given by
$$\left\langle\left(I_{1}-I_{2}\right)^{2}\right\rangle=\alpha I_{\mathrm{tot}}$$
where $I_{1}$ and $I_{2}$ are the intensities of daughters 1 and 2 respectively, and $I_{\text {tot }}$ is the total fluorescence intensity of the mother cell and assuming that there is a linear relation between intensity and number of fluorophores of the form $I=\alpha N$

What and Where: Construction Plans for Cells and Organisms
Sana Riaz
01:22
Essential Cell Biology

Consider the following statement: "All present-day cells have arisen by an uninterrupted series of cell divisions extending back in time to the first cell division." Is this strictly true?

The Cell-Division Cycle
Mikayla Stephens

The Genome

105 Practice Problems
View More
08:29
Essential Cell Biology

What is the order in which the following events occur during cell division?
A. anaphase
B. metaphase
C. prometaphase
D. telophase
E. mitosis
F. prophase
Where does cytokinesis fit in?

The Cell-Division Cycle
Madeleine Sarner
04:33
Essential Cell Biology

Why do sister chromatids have to remain paired in division 1 of meiosis? Does the answer suggest a strategy for washing your socks?

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Bryan Valdivia
01:07
Molecular Biology of the Cell

The chemical carcinogen dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) must be an extraordinarily specific mutagen since $90 \%$ of the skin tumors it causes have an A-to-T alteration at exactly the same site in the mutant Ras gene.

Cancer
Joanna Quigley

Asexual Reproduction

55 Practice Problems
View More
00:56
Molecular Cell Biology

Explain the concept of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Why do most cancer cells exhibit LOH of one or more genes? How does failure of the spindle assembly checkpoint lead to loss of heterozygosity?

Cancer
Sam Limsuwannarot
01:51
Molecular Biology of the Cell

How many kinetochores are there in a human cell at mitosis?

The Cell Cycle
Leah Lampen
00:40
Molecular Biology of the Cell

While other proteins come and go during the cell cycle, the proteins of the origin recognition complex remain bound to the DNA throughout.

The Cell Cycle
Joanna Quigley

Mitosis

77 Practice Problems
View More
02:25
Essential Cell Biology

One important biological effect of a large dose of ionizing radiation is to halt cell division.
A. How does this occur?
B. What happens if a cell has a mutation that prevents it from halting cell division after being irradiated?
C. What might be the effects of such a mutation if the cell is not irradiated?
D. An adult human who has reached maturity will die within a few days of receiving a radiation dose large enough to stop cell division. What does that tell you (other than that one should avoid large doses of radiation)?

The Cell-Division Cycle
Alexander Cheng
05:38
Essential Cell Biology

Why do you think that organisms do not use the first steps of meiosis (up to and including meiotic division I) for the ordinary mitotic division of somatic cells?

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Bryan Valdivia
12:23
Molecular Cell Biology

Cancer cells typically lose cell cycle entry control. Explain how the following mutations, which are found in some cancer cells, lead to a bypass of these controls: (a) overexpression of cyclin $\mathrm{D},(\mathrm{b})$ loss of $\mathrm{Rb}$ function,
(c) loss of $\mathrm{p} 16$ function, (d) hyperactive E2F.

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Billy Laise

Regulation of Mitosis

58 Practice Problems
View More
00:12
Molecular Cell Biology

Asymmetric cell division often relies on cytoskeletal elements to generate or maintain the asymmetric distribution of cellular factors. In $S .$ cerevisiae, what factor is localized to the bud by myosin motors? In Drosophila neuroblasts, what factors are localized apically by microtubules?

Stem Cells, Cell Asymmetry, and Cell Death
Sam Limsuwannarot
00:23
Molecular Biology of the Cell

In normal adult tissues, cell death usually balances cell division.

Cell Death
Joanna Quigley
04:54
Introduction to Genetic Analysis

State where cells divide mitotically and where they divide meiotically in a fern, a moss, a flowering plant, a pine tree, a mushroom, a frog, a butterfly, and a snail.

Single-Gene Inheritance
John Barone

Sexual Reproduction

74 Practice Problems
View More
00:46
Principles of Genetics

During oogenesis, what mechanisms enrich the cytoplasm of animal eggs with nutritive and determinative materials?

The Genetic Control of Animal Development
Sam Limsuwannarot
04:19
Principles of Genetics

Assume that you have just demonstrated genetic recombination (e.g., when a strain of genotype $a b^{+}$ is present with a strain of genotype $a^{+} b,$ some recombinant genotypes, $a^{+} b^{+}$ and $a b,$ are formed in a previously unstudied species of bacteria. How would you determine whether the observed recombination resulted from transformation, conjugation, or transduction?

The Genetics of Bacteria and Their Viruses
05:26
Principles of Genetics

On the basis of Mendel's observations, predict the results from the following crosses with peas:
(a) $A$ tall (dominant and homozygous) variety crossed with a dwarf variety.
(b) The progeny of (a) self-fertilized.
(c) The progeny from
(a) crossed with the original tall parent.
(d) The progeny of (a) crossed with the original dwarf parent.

Mendelism: The Basic Principles of Inheritance
Cody Delk

Chromosomal Ploidy

29 Practice Problems
View More
01:55
Molecular Biology of the Cell

Chromosome 3 in orangutans differs from chromosome 3 in humans by two inversion events that occurred in the human lineage (Figure $Q 4-2$ ). Draw the intermediate chromosome that resulted from the first inversion and explicitly indicate the segments included in each inversion.

DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes
Joanna Quigley
01:02
Molecular Biology of the Cell

In a comparison between the DNAs of related organisms such as humans and mice, identifying the conserved DNA sequences facilitates the search for functionally important regions.

DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes
Joanna Quigley
02:53
Principles of Genetics

Other chromosomes have sequences as follows:
(a) $125678 ;(b) 123445678 ;(c) 12345876 .$ What
kind of chromosome change is present in each? Illustrate how these chromosomes would pair with a chromosome whose sequence is 12345678.

Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure
Hailey Ames

Meiosis

85 Practice Problems
View More
00:27
Introduction to Genetic Analysis

If you observed a dicentric bridge at meiosis, what rearrangement would you predict had taken place?

Large-Scale Chromosomal Changes
Joanna Quigley
04:01
Introduction to Genetic Analysis

Allele $B$ is a deleterious autosomal dominant. The frequency of affected individuals is $4.0 \times 10^{-6}$. The reproductive capacity of these individuals is about 30 percent that of normal individuals. Estimate $\mu$, the rate at which $b$ mutates to its deleterious allele $B$. Assume that the frequencies of the alleles are at their equilibrium values.

Population Genetics
John Barone
00:21
Introduction to Genetic Analysis

Is a trisomic an aneuploid or a polyploid?

Large-Scale Chromosomal Changes
Joanna Quigley

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

91 Practice Problems
View More
06:44
Molecular Cell Biology

What types of experimental strategies do researchers employ to study cell cycle progression? How do genetic and biochemical approaches to this topic differ?

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Billy Laise
01:16
Principles of Genetics

In flowering plants, two nuclei from the pollen grain participate in the events of fertilization. With which nuclei from the female gametophyte do these nuclei combine? What tissues are formed from the fertilization events?

Cellular Reproduction
Mikayla Stephens
02:59
Introduction to Genetic Analysis

Referring to Figure $17-32,$ draw an inviable product from the same meiosis.

Large-Scale Chromosomal Changes
Joanna Quigley

Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Variation

102 Practice Problems
View More
02:41
Principles of Genetics

How can RNAi gene silencing be used to determine the function of genes?

Applications of Molecular Genetics
Dennis Howard
01:42
Principles of Genetics

In Drosopbila, wbite, white cherry, and vermilion are all X-linked mutations affecting eye color. All three mutations are recessive to their wild-type allele(s) for red eyes. A white-eyed female crossed with a vermilioneyed male produces white-eyed male offspring and redeyed (wild-type) female offspring. A white-eyed female crossed with a white cherry-eyed male produces whiteeyed sons and light cherry-eyed daughters. Do these results indicate whether or not any of the three mutations affecting eye color are located in the same gene? If so, which mutations?

Mutation, DNA Repair, and Recombination
02:46
Principles of Genetics

In Drosophila, vestigial wing (vg), hairy body ( $b$ ), and eyeless $(e y)$ are recessive mutations on chromosomes $2,3,$ and
4, respectively. Wild-type males that had been irradiated with $\mathrm{X}$ rays were crossed to triply homozygous recessive females. The $\mathrm{F}_{1}$ males (all phenotypically wild-type) were then testcrossed to triply homozygous recessive females. Most of the $\mathrm{F}_{1}$ males produced eight classes of progeny in approximately equal proportions, as would be expected if the $v g, b,$ and $e y$ genes assort independently. However, one $\mathrm{F}_{1}$ male produced only four classes of offspring, each approximately one-fourth of the total:
(1) wild-type,
(2) eyeless,
(3) vestigial, hairy, and
(4) vestigial, hairy, eyeless. What kind of chromosome aberration did the exceptional $\mathrm{F}_{1}$ male carry, and which chromosomes were involved?

Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure
Danielle Ashley

Get 24/7 study help with our app

 

Available on iOS and Android

About
  • Our Story
  • Careers
  • Our Educators
  • Numerade Blog
Browse
  • Bootcamps
  • Books
  • Notes & Exams NEW
  • Topics
  • Test Prep
  • Ask Directory
  • Online Tutors
  • Tutors Near Me
Support
  • Help
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of Service
Get started