Thermochemistry
In thermochemistry, thermochemistry or thermochmistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical reactions of chemical substances at high temperatures. In general, thermochemistry involves the study of chemical changes at high temperatures. In contrast to ordinary chemistry, which is concerned with molecular processes at room temperature, thermochemistry studies reactions that take place at temperatures significantly higher than room temperature or in the presence of a large amount of heat energy. The field of thermochemistry was founded by the Prussian chemist Hermann Kolbe in 1857. The term "thermochemistry" was coined by the German chemist Ludwig Mond in 1864. In 1847, the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907) discovered that the heat of combustion of organic compounds is independent of the specific chemical compound. He noted that the heat of combustion of a number of hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylene) was the same. The German chemist Fritz Haber (1868-1934) showed that the heat of combustion of aldehydes is also independent of the type of aldehyde. Haber studied the heat of combustion of a series of aldehydes and ketones, and the results were the same for many of the compounds. However, the heat of combustion of acrolein (a product of the thermal decomposition of acrolein) was found to vary with the specific chemical structure of the aldehyde or ketone. This observation was due to the fact that the reaction between acrolein and an aldehyde or ketone forms a hemiacetal or hemiketal intermediate. In 1885, the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907) was the first to note the influence of temperature on the heat of combustion of organic compounds. He showed that the heat of combustion of a number of hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylene) was the same. He also noted that the heat of combustion of aldehydes was independent of the aldehyde's structure. The German chemist Fritz Haber (1868-1934) showed that the heat of combustion of aldehydes was also independent of the type of aldehyde. Haber studied the heat of combustion of a series of aldehydes and ketones, and the results were the same for many of the compounds. However, the heat of combustion of acrolein (a product of the thermal decomposition of acrolein) was found to vary with the specific chemical structure of the aldehyde or ketone. This observation was due to the fact that the reaction between acrolein and an aldehyde or ketone forms a hemiacetal or hemiketal intermediate. In 1887, the German chemist Hermann Kolbe (1837-1912) published a comprehensive survey of all reactions known to occur between organic compounds and heat. The work was the first comprehensive study of heat reactions in organic chemistry to appear in a language other than German. It is also the first book to include reactions between organic compounds and heat. In the following year, Kolbe published a second volume covering reactions involving the elements. In 1907, he published a third volume, which covered reactions between organic compounds and the elements. The French chemist Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907) was the first to note the influence of temperature on the heat of combustion of organic compounds in 1847. He showed that the heat of combustion of a number of hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylene) was the same, a finding that was later confirmed by other investigators. He also noted that the heat of combustion of aldehydes was independent of the aldehyde's structure. The German chemist Fritz Haber (1868-1934) showed that the heat of combustion of aldehydes was also independent of the type of aldehyde. Haber studied the heat of combustion of a series of aldehydes and ketones, and the results were the same for many of the compounds. However, the heat of combustion of acrolein (a product of the thermal decomposition of acrolein) was found to vary with the specific chemical structure of the aldehyde or ketone. This observation was due to the fact that the reaction between acrolein and an aldehyde or ketone forms a hemiacetal or hemiketal intermediate. In 1887, the German chemist Hermann Kolbe (1837-1912) published a comprehensive survey of all reactions known to occur between organic compounds and heat. The work was the first comprehensive study of heat reactions in organic chemistry to appear in a language other
