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Vertebrates

Vertebrates are animals possessing a backbone, which includes all tetrapods. These tetrapods, in turn, include all mammals and most fish. The vertebrates are the largest group of animals on the planet, comprising about 70% of all living animal species.

Chordates

9 Practice Problems
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02:10
Biology: Concepts and Investigations

Summarize the evidence for the idea that birds are reptiles. How does the changing placement of birds in the vertebrate family tree illustrate the scientific process? Why does this type of research matter?

Animals
Victoria Karaluz
04:24
Biology Concepts and Applications

Match the organisms with the appropriate description.
____fishes ____amphibians ____reptiles ____birds ____monotremes ____marsupials ____hominids
a. first land tetrapods
b. feathered amniotes
c. egg-laying mammals
d. humans and close relatives
e. cold-blooded amniotes
f. pouched mammals
g. most diverse vertebrates

Animal Evolution—The Vertebrates
Nicholas Sacco
03:18
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life

Match the organisms with the appropriate description.
________lancelets
________fishes
________amphibians
________reptiles
________birds
________monotremes
________marsupials
________hominids
a. pouched mammals
b. invertebrate chordates
c. feathered amniotes
d. egg-laying mammals
e. humans and close relatives
f. cold-blooded amniotes
g. first land tetrapods
h. most diverse vertebrates

Animal Evolution-The Chordates
Lara Gossage

Vertebrate Characteristics

23 Practice Problems
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02:16
Biology: Concepts and Investigations

If you found a fossil and were not sure whether it was from a reptile or a mammal, how could you tell the difference?

Animals
Joanna Quigley
05:20
What Is Life? A Guide to Biology

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
a) The chicken, because the amniotic egg did not evolve until the first chicken appeared.
b) The egg, because the amniotic egg evolved well before the first birds.
c) The chicken, because, during speciation, the adult stage always precedes the juvenile stage.
d) The egg, because the chicken is not a real species.
e) It is impossible to determine, because eggs leave no fossils.

Animal Diversification
Megha Ramappan
04:53
What Is Life? A Guide to Biology

Which of these animals is a tetrapod that does not produce amniotic eggs?
a) salamander
b) human
c) monkey
d) elephant
e) python

Animal Diversification
Megha Ramappan

Gnathostomes

1 Practice Problems
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Tetrapods

4 Practice Problems
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00:23
Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology

Amniote eggs ______________.
a. enclose a developing embryo inside multiple membranes
b. are typically released into water
c. define the protostome lineage
d. allowed the first tetrapods to move onto land

Population Ecology
Sunshine Brosi
01:32
Campbell Biology

Which of the following could be considered the most recent
common ancestor of living tetrapods?
(A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose append-
ages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial
vertebrates
(B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
(C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal
supports in its paired fins
(D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton
but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates
Jade Schlamb

Amniotes

7 Practice Problems
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01:50
Biology

Reptiles
a. were dominant during the Mesozoic era.
b. include the birds.
c. lay shelled eggs.
d. are ectotherms, except for birds.
e. All of these are correct.

Vertebrate Evolution
Grant Castaneda
03:25
Biology

Which of these does not produce an amniotic egg? Choose more than one answer if correct.
a. bony fishes d. robin
b. duckbill platypus e. frog
c. snake

Vertebrate Evolution
Morgan Hawley

Mammals

11 Practice Problems
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02:13
Biology

How did archaic Homo sapiens differ from anatomically modern humans?

Vertebrates
Victoria Karaluz
01:17
Biology

The evolution of which of the following features of mammals is hardest to trace through the fossil record?
a. Jaw structure
b. Mammary glands
c. Middle ear structure
d. Development of hair

Vertebrates
Victoria Karaluz
01:35
Glencoe Biology

Open Ended Suggest reasons why you should study the orders of mammals.

Mammals
Carlene Jimenez

Human Characteristics

11 Practice Problems
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00:45
Glencoe Biology

The embryo is in which stage of development?
A. gastrula
B. blastula
C.egg cell
D. zygote

Introduction to Animals
00:58
Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections

By measuring the fossil remains of Homo floresiensis, scientists have estimated its weight to be around $32.5 \mathrm{kg}$ and its brain volume to be roughly $420 \mathrm{cm}^{3} .$ Plot these values on the graph in Figure 19.13 A. Which hominin has the most similar relationship of brain volume to body mass? Does this information support the hypothesis that $H .$ floresiensis is a dwarf form of H. erectus, or an alternative hypothesis? Explain.

The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
Yokshitha Reddy Bathula
01:03
Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections

Summarize the hypotheses that explain variation in human skin color as adaptations to variation in UV radiation.

The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
Yokshitha Reddy Bathula

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