Using a discount rate of 0%, the present value of each cash flow is:
Year 0: PV = -$31,000 / (1 + 0%)^0 = -$31,000
Year 1: PV = $15,600 / (1 + 0%)^1 = $15,600
Year 2: PV = $7,200 / (1 + 0%)^2 = $7,200
Year 3: PV = $8,700 / (1 + 0%)^3 = $8,700
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