1. Can normal (undamaged) cells automatically transition from G1 to S phase? Why?
Yes, many of our cells constantly reproduce to replace old and damaged cells. These cells do not need to be regulated by the cell cycle.
No, all cells must enter the G0 phase to replicate their DNA.
Yes, cells in the cell cycle are committed to mitosis once they are in the G1 phase.
No, cells must pass through the G1 checkpoint to transition to S phase.
2. Bacteria cells can acquire DNA from their environment allowing them to become resistant to antibiotics. The process is called horizontal (lateral) gene transfer, sexual reproduction, mitosis, vertical gene transfer, binary fission.
3. One "cost" of being a multicellular organism would be?
Our cells are less efficient at extracting energy from organic molecules compared to anaerobic bacteria.
We reproduce much more efficiently than prokaryotes.
Cancer.
Our cells produce less ATP than anaerobic bacteria.
4. Select the correct statement regarding the similarities between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis and meiosis both undergo two rounds of cell division.
Mitosis and meiosis generate genetically identical daughter cells.
Crossing over takes place during prophase in mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis and meiosis each divide sister chromatids.
5. Which of the following statements is correct and not a common misconception regarding genetics?
Most genes code for proteins.
Genes exist to cause cancer and other diseases.
Dominant alleles are stronger than recessive alleles.
Dominant alleles are more common than recessive alleles.
Most of our traits, like eye color, are determined by strict Mendelian genetics one gene with two alleles.
6. Cancer is not usually inherited because
The mutations in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells (cells of our body).
People with cancer usually die before reproducing.
Cancer typically causes disruptions of meiosis.
The cancerous cells usually interfere with the ability to produce gametes.
7. The primary cause of preventable cancer is smoking.
8. Sexual reproduction may have evolved because
Mitochondria can damage DNA; sexual reproduction brings in a second set of genes, it's like having a backup copy if a certain gene gets damaged making it less likely the cell would die taking the mitochondria with it.
It is simpler than mitosis; it does not take much for a sperm to fertilize an egg.
Cells were becoming more complex; therefore, reproduction had to become increasingly complex.
Sexual reproduction creates new alleles, thus creating new genetic variability for natural selection.
It is more efficient than binary fission.
9. You are a diploid organism; how did you inherit your DNA?
You received 23 chromosomes from each of your parents.
You received 46 chromosomes from each of your parents.
You inherited your DNA from your parents through horizontal gene transfer.
You inherited your DNA from your parents through lateral gene transfer.
10. The only way to create new alleles is by mutation, meiosis, sexual reproduction, crossing over.