1-Diabetics have an increased risk of damaged vessel walls, atherosclerosis, and poor circulation for which TWO of the following reasons?
a- To compensate for the "acetone" breath, individuals usually eat a high-fat diet, increasing the amount of fat being transported in the blood.
b- Acidosis decreases blood flow through vessels.
c- More fats are transported in the blood because more fatty acids are used as an energy source.
d- Decreased secretion of cholesterol by the kidneys will increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
e- Increased osmolarity in the blood (because of increased blood glucose) will damage vessel walls.
2- Uncontrolled diabetes may result in which of the following?
a- Increased levels of ketones in the blood.
b- Increased blood glucose.
c- Decrease in blood pH (acidosis).
d- Decreased excretion of positively charged ions by the kidneys.
e- Central nervous system hyper-excitability.
3- Vladimir has been incredibly sick lately and says that he has been getting sick a lot lately. With reference to the endocrine system, which of the following explains why individuals, like Vladimir, who have been under a great deal of stress are likely to become ill?
a- Increased release of cortisol when stressed will inhibit the immune system.
b- The immune system is inhibited by the increased levels of glucose produced when stressed.
c- Resources are diverted from normal metabolism and the immune system to the skeletal muscles when stressed.
d- Stress increases the release of epinephrine, which shuts down the production of antibodies and white blood cell activity.
e- The increased release of aldosterone when stressed will increase blood sodium levels, which inhibits the activity of white blood cells and the release of inflammatory chemicals.
4- Vladimir has been incredibly stressed lately, his nurse practitioner decides to test his blood glucose levels. How would you expect Vladimir's glucose levels to change in response to his extremely high levels of stress?
a- High.
b- Low.
c- No change in glucose levels because of stress.