voltage time Certain cells in the retina respond differently to the direction in which objects move. To understand how cells in the retina respond to different visual stimuli, the activity of a retinal ganglion cell was measured while a square moved across its visual field. Which statement best explains the increases in voltage during the periodic spikes? A. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes sodium channels to close. B. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes sodium channels to open. C. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes potassium channels to close. D. Depolarization of a neuron past a threshold voltage causes potassium channels to open.
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Step 1: In response to a stimulus, voltage-gated sodium ion channels open in the neuron. Show more…
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Sensory adaptation in the retina occurs due to (check all that apply): A. The center-surround structure of horizontal cells tends to reduce signals in response to only extremely bright light, always resulting in an intermediate firing pattern in retinal ganglion cells. B. Calcium influx through cGMP-gated channels is reduced during prolonged light exposure. C. Once exposed to light, rhodopsin is photobleached and needs to be recycled before it can be used again in the photoreceptor. D. An amacrine cell, which makes a reciprocal connection at the bipolar-retinal ganglion cell synapse, can release GABA or glycine once stimulated by the bipolar neuron. Thus, with a temporal lag, the response of the ganglion cell will be reduced.
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In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of $\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)
Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ the the pupillary) to leam about the pupillary reflexes. The pupillary light reflex involves sensory input through the optic nerve and motor response through the oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion, which projects to the circular fibers of the iris. As shown in this short animation, pupils will constrict to limit the amount of light falling on the retina under bright lighting conditions. What constitutes the afferent and efferent branches of the competing reflex (dilation)?
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