1. single nucleotide polymorphisms are a. caused by abnormal chromosome structure b. a single nucleotide alteration in the genome sequence c. caused by abnormal chromosome number 2. single stranded nucleic acid segments that can directly interact with proteins to interfere with their molecular function are called a. siRNA b. Long dsRNA c. RNA Aptamer d. DNA Aptamer 3. which of the following is true about humanized mAbs? a. the antibody combines the antigen-binding parts (variable regions) of the mouse antibody with the effector parts (constant regions) of a human antibody b. the antibody combines only the amino acids responsible for making the antigen binding site (the hypervariable regions) of a mouse antibody c. both d. neither 4. which of the following represents one of the mechanisms by which antisense agents exert their effect? a. a short DNA sequence binds to specific regions of complementary mRNA inducing a nuclease that promotes translation to the corresponding protein b. a short DNA sequence binds to specific regions of complementary mRNA inducing a nuclease that cleaves the mRNA c. antisense oligonucleotides inhibit all types of gene splicing 5. ______ refers to short DNA or RNA sequences, termed oligonucleotides, which are designed to be complementary to a specific gene sequence. a. sense b. antisense c. template DNA
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1. DNA polymerase a. adds new nucleotides to a strand. b. proofreads DNA strands to ensure that they are correct. c. makes rare mistakes resulting in mutation. d. is an enzyme. e. is all of these. 2. The three "stop" codons cause what to happen? a. They cause the ribosome to stop building a protein. b. They instruct ribosomes to build proteins. c. They initiate DNA replication. d. They code for three amino acids. 3. True-False. Messenger RNA is not the same length as the entire chromosome. True False In transcription in eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase: a. cannot function until the two sides of the entire chromosome have completely separated. b. 5' caps are removed from the messenger RNA. c. needs RNA primase to lay down 5-10 RNA nucleotides as a primer. d. cuts the hydrogen bonds holding together DNA base pairs A-T and G-C. 4. Which is FALSE concerning a codon? a. a single codon never codes for more than one amino acid. b. two or more codons may code for the same amino acid. c. codons are unique to each species. d. a single codon consists of three nucleotides. 5. The anti-codon of individual transfer RNA molecules is a. the part of transfer RNA that bonds to a specific amino acid. b. complementary to the corresponding codon in ribosomal RNA. c. complementary to the corresponding codon in messenger RNA. d. the "stop" codon which ends translation of an mRNA strand.
Shaiju T.
Factors that contribute to the mutation rate of any gene include: Choose all correct. A. The size of the gene B. The protein the gene will give rise to after translation C. The nucleotide sequence (DNA or mRNA) D. Spontaneous chemical changes E. The location of the gene on the chromosome Trinucleotides are really just: A. A codon that will be read and converted into a single amino acid in a protein sequence B. A piece of DNA that has no determined function, like an intron C. Bits of DNA left over after transcription D. Cellular waste product Choose all the ways that a chemical can cause a genetic mutation. A. It can cause a nucleotide substitution B. It can cause RNA to fold around DNA C. It can cause errant numbers of nucleotides to be added in DNA D. It can cause structural changes in DNA that lead to mutation E. It can cause DNA to be degraded F. It can cause RNA to be degraded What is a base analog and how does it confer a mutation into the new daughter DNA strand?
Adi S.
DNA replication is bidirectional and discontinuous; explain your understanding of those concepts. a. DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The leading strand is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork. Replication on the lagging strand occurs in the direction away from the replication fork in short stretches of DNA called Okazaki fragments. b. DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The leading strand is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork. Replication on the lagging strand occurs in the direction away from the replication fork in short stretches of DNA called Okazaki fragments. c. DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 5’ to 3’ direction. The leading strand is synthesized in the direction away from the replication fork. Replication on the lagging strand occurs in the direction of the replication fork in short stretches of DNA called Okazaki fragments. d. DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 3’ to 5’ direction. The leading strand is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork. Replication on the lagging strand occurs in the direction away from the replication fork in long stretches of DNA called Okazaki fragments.
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