The corpus callosum is the largest cerebral commissure. The study of how left and right hemispheres differ in their approach to cognitive tasks has led to the concept of a left hemisphere interpreter. A pathological difficulty in reading is termed dyslexia. Darwin believed that expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. In nonprimate mammals, social aggression often depends greatly on the organizational and activational effects of hormones. Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells produced in bone marrow and stored in the lymphatic system. Each facial expression starts to develop slightly earlier on the left side of the face than on the other side. Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins suggest that schizophrenia is greatly influenced by genetic factors. In 1957, iproniazid became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant. Benzodiazepines have been shown to reduce indices of fear and anxiety in the elevated-plus-maze test.
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Watch the video (http://openstaxcollege.org///2brains) titled "The Man With Two Brains" to see the neuroscientist Michael Gazzaniga introduce a patient he has worked with for years who has had his corpus callosum cut, separating his two cerebral hemispheres. A few tests are run to demonstrate how this manifests in tests of cerebral function. Unlike normal people, this patient can perform two independent tasks at the same time because the lines of communication between the right and left sides of his brain have been removed. Whereas a person with an intact corpus callosum cannot overcome the dominance of one hemisphere over the other, this patient can. If the left cerebral hemisphere is dominant in the majority of people, why would right-handedness be most common?
Both cerebral hemispheres are essential for proper body function. However, the left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body, whereas the right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body. Why is this the case? a. The descending neural connections are not switched in the brainstem, which means that the neural connections of the left hemisphere are transmitted to the right side of the body and vice versa. b. The ascending neural connections are not switched in the brainstem, which means that the neural connections of the left hemisphere are transmitted to the right side of the body and vice versa. c. The descending neural connections are switched in the brainstem, which means that the neural connections of the left hemisphere are transmitted to the right side of the body and vice versa. d. The ascending neural connections are switched in the brainstem, which means that the neural connections of the left hemisphere are transmitted to the right side of the body and vice versa.
Adi S.
1. Which of the following is found only in the central nervous system? Group of answer choices: a. spinal nerves b. Pacinian (or lamellated) corpuscles c. Free nerve endings d. basal nuclei or basal ganglia 2. The meninges are connective tissue layers which protect nervous tissue. Which of the layers forms the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord? Group of answer choices: a. pia mater b. dura mater c. perineurium d. arachnoid e. epineurium 3. What do the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the ventricles have in common? Group of answer choices: a. they are the site where nerves enter/exit the central nervous system b. They provide the space where neurotransmitters are able to reach their receptors c. they contain cerebrospinal fluid d. they provide a way for waste products to leave the central nervous system 4. There are no neurons outside of the central nervous system. Group of answer choices: a. True b. False 5. How could you increase the strength of a synapse? Group of answer choices: a. Increase the speed of neurotransmitter degradation b. Increase the size of the cell body c. Decrease the number of synaptic vesicles d. Increase the number of receptors in the postsynaptic terminal 6. Which of the following brain functions require synaptic plasticity? Group of answer choices: a. All of the above b. Neural development c. Both neural development and recovery from injury d. Recovery from injury e. Firing action potentials 7. Referred pain is caused by many first-order pain-sensing neurons sending signals to the same set of second-order neurons in the dorsal horn. This can lead to pain signals from internal organs, like the heart, being perceived by the brain to come from skin areas like the upper arm. This instance of many axons sending signals to the same few neurons is an example of what kind of neural circuit organization? Group of answer choices: a. Parallel processing b. Convergence c. Divergence d. None of the above
Matthew S.
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