1. What is peptidoglycan? How do gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria differ in terms of peptidoglycan? 2. What part of the bacterial cell is attacked by lysozyme? 3. Who discovered lysozyme and its antibacterial properties, and what was his original source of the enzyme? What else is he well-known for discovering? 1. Lysozyme works by attacking peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. However, it is not the only antibacterial substance that affects peptidoglycan. Why do you think this is so? 2. Lysozyme derived from egg whites is widely used as a preservative in the food and beverage industry. Based on what you have learned from this investigation, why do you think lysozyme is so well-suited for this purpose? 3. Were there any discrepancies between what you saw in your experiment and what you expected to see based on the lab manual and your readings in this section?
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Peptidoglycan is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, providing structural support and protection. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while gram-negative Show more…
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1. Explain how the differences in cell wall structures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cause them to stain differently with the Gram stain. 2. Describe the purpose of each of the four basic steps of Gram staining. 3. Describe the images provided at the "Bacterial Morphology and Staining Techniques" web link for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli, including the color and morphology of each organism. 4. Discuss how the structure of gram-negative bacteria contributes to their ability to cause disease.
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A. 1. Describe the structure of peptidoglycan. 2. Describe in detail the architecture and structure of the Gram-negative cell wall. 3. Discuss how the Gram-positive cell wall is different from the Gram-negative wall structure. 4. What are teichoic acids and their location? Provide the role of teichoic acids in bacterial cells. B. 1. Describe the appendages of bacterial cells. 2. Explain how motility is accomplished in bacterial cells. 3. What are pilin and the role of pili and fimbriae? 4. Describe the structure of flagella. 5. What are plasmids and explain the different types of plasmids found in bacterial cells? Include the properties as well as the role/functions of plasmids.
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Answer the following questions regarding the Gram stain. 1. Which group of bacteria has a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall, Gram-positive or Gram-negative? 2. What is the primary stain? 5. What is the secondary stain? 7. What color are Gram-positive cells following the mordant step? Gram-negative cells? 8. What color are Gram-positive cells following the decolorizing step? Gram-negative cells? 9. What color are Gram-positive cells following the secondary stain step? Gram-negative cells? 10. During the Gram stain procedure, what are some procedural errors that could cause: Gram-positive organisms to falsely appear the be Gram-negative? Gram-negative organisms to falsely appear the be Gram-positive?
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