Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for communication from our ear to our brain? A. olfactory - CN I B. vestibulocochlear - CN VIII C. vagus - CN X D. facial - CN VII 2. When light hits the retina, photoreceptor cells of the ON-pathway hyperpolarize. What effect does this have on the bipolar cells of the ON-pathway? A. Causes hyperpolarization of the bipolar cells due to IPSP input. B. There is no effect on the bipolar cells at this time. C. Causes depolarization of the bipolar cells due to removal of the IPSP input. D. Triggers an action potential in the bipolar cells. 3. Sound waves are transferred through cochlear duct fluid causing movement of the _____________, which stimulates hair cells. A. basilar membrane B. auditory ossicles C. tectorial membrane D. scala vestibuli 4. A tool that measures the electrical activity of the brain is called: A. an EKG B. an ECG C. an EEG 5. The EEG of REM sleep looks most similar to: A. the delta rhythm of N3 sleep B. the theta rhythm of N1 sleep C. the beta rhythm of an alert state D. None of the above because it looks completely different from any other EEG pattern. 6. Which of the following are structures found within the hypothalamus? (please select all that apply) A) suprachiasmatic nucleus B) portions of the RAS C) pineal gland D) orexin-secreting neurons E) amygdala F) sleep center 7. All but which of the following could trigger a transition from sleep to an awake state? A. Decrease in the production of orexin B. Decreased blood glucose C. A loud noise that activates the limbic system D. Stimulation from the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus 8. The best description of the limbic system is: A. a series of structures in the brainstem and diencephalon that contribute to our consciousness B. a series of structures in the forebrain that contribute to learning and emotions C. a portion of our nervous system involved in voluntary muscle movement D. a portion of our nervous system that controls our circadian rhythm 9. All but which brain structures would be involved in consolidation of a happy memory? A. hippocampus B. amygdala C. basal nuclei D. prefrontal cortex
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1. Which of the following is found only in the central nervous system? Group of answer choices: a. spinal nerves b. Pacinian (or lamellated) corpuscles c. Free nerve endings d. basal nuclei or basal ganglia 2. The meninges are connective tissue layers which protect nervous tissue. Which of the layers forms the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord? Group of answer choices: a. pia mater b. dura mater c. perineurium d. arachnoid e. epineurium 3. What do the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the ventricles have in common? Group of answer choices: a. they are the site where nerves enter/exit the central nervous system b. They provide the space where neurotransmitters are able to reach their receptors c. they contain cerebrospinal fluid d. they provide a way for waste products to leave the central nervous system 4. There are no neurons outside of the central nervous system. Group of answer choices: a. True b. False 5. How could you increase the strength of a synapse? Group of answer choices: a. Increase the speed of neurotransmitter degradation b. Increase the size of the cell body c. Decrease the number of synaptic vesicles d. Increase the number of receptors in the postsynaptic terminal 6. Which of the following brain functions require synaptic plasticity? Group of answer choices: a. All of the above b. Neural development c. Both neural development and recovery from injury d. Recovery from injury e. Firing action potentials 7. Referred pain is caused by many first-order pain-sensing neurons sending signals to the same set of second-order neurons in the dorsal horn. This can lead to pain signals from internal organs, like the heart, being perceived by the brain to come from skin areas like the upper arm. This instance of many axons sending signals to the same few neurons is an example of what kind of neural circuit organization? Group of answer choices: a. Parallel processing b. Convergence c. Divergence d. None of the above
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Brain-scanning techniques reveal what kinds of brain activity differences in people with chronic schizophrenia? a. Abnormally high brain activity in the frontal lobes b. An increase in the brain waves that reflect synchronized neural firing c. Abnormal activity in multiple brain areas d. Decreased activity in the amygdala e. A lack of dopamine receptors
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