1) Why are C4 plant growth rates largely unaffected by a rise in atmospheric CO2 levels? 2) If you compare and contrast C4 and CAM plants, what is the fundamental difference between them regarding the separation of carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle? 3) Why is oxygen an appropriate variable to measure if you are looking at the efficiency of photosystem II function? Explain. 4) If the electron transport chain between photosystem I and NADP reductase suddenly failed during photosynthesis, what stage of the Calvin cycle would first be affected? Explain. 5) What do we mean when we say ATP is a renewable source of energy? Explain.
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What is the source of the energy that becomes stored in ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis? Is this the same or different from the source of energy for ATP production in mitochondria? 2. Radioisotopes are often used in biochemical research to "tag" molecules. For example, CO2 labeled with 14C, a radioisotope of the more common 12C atom, can be used to follow how plants fix carbon during photosynthesis. Any compounds containing 14C would indicate the carbon atom came originally from the CO2 absorbed by the plant and not from another molecule already in the plant or absorbed in a different compound. Given your knowledge of photosynthesis, in which of the following compounds would you expect to first see 14C if you exposed a plant to 14CO2- NADPH, G3P, pyruvate, or PGA? Explain. 4. A researcher isolated chloroplasts in her lab. She placed the chloroplasts in an acidic solution. Once the thylakoid lumen reached a pH of 4, the researcher placed the chloroplasts in a solution with a pH of 8, in the dark. The chloroplasts then made ATP, even though they were in the dark. Explain how this could happen. 5. The graph below shows how the rate of carbon dioxide uptake of two species of plants changes with increasing light intensity. The habitat of one species is open grassland (typically a hot, dry environment). The habitat of the other is woodland (cooler and moister). a. Which species would be more likely to only use C3 photosynthesis? Which would use C4 photosynthesis? Explain your reasoning. b. Which species would require more energy to fix CO2? Is this reflected in the graph? Explain.
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1- How does the Law of Conservation of Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics apply to the light-dependent (light) reactions of photosynthesis? 2- Photosystem I usually converts most of the light energy it receives to ATP and NADPH by noncyclic electron flow. There are times when some of the energy is used by cyclic electron flow. a. What is cyclic electron flow? b. Why is it called 'cyclic'? c. At what times does cyclic electron flow occur? 3- With respect to photosynthesis: a. What is a 'photosystem' and where is it located? b. Each photosystem has a 'reaction center' within it. What makes up a reaction centre? What does it do? c. There are two photosystems in the thylakoid membranes, photosystem I and photosystem II. What are these names given? What do the photosystems consist of? 4- What is the function of each of the following in photosynthesis? a. chlorophyll b. cytochromes c. NADP+ d. water 5- In terms of the Calvin cycle, what is the function of each of the following? a. NADPH + H+ b. ATP c. carbon dioxide
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1. What is the difference between Photosystem II and Photosystem I? 2. Explain Non-cyclic electron flow and what is produced. 3. Explain Cyclic electron flow and what is produces. 4. Explain the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle: Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration. 5. What are the differences between C4 and CAM plants?
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