12. Certain tumors can not synthesize the amino acid L-asparagine and must obtain it from the blood. One treatment for these tumors involves an intravenous (IV) injection of the enzyme, L-asparaginase which hydrolyzes L-asparagine to aspartate and thereby lowers the blood concentration of asparagine. However, to be effective, the injected asparaginase must be able to maintain blood asparagine at a concentration of less than 2 ?M. Which of the following variants of asparaginase in the table below would be the most effective for therapeutic use? Km (?M) Vmax (?moles/min/mg) Asparginase-1 0.25 5 Asparginase-2 0.5 5 Asparginase-3 1.0 10 Asparginase-4 2.0 20
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Km is the Michaelis-Menten constant, which represents the substrate concentration at which the enzyme works at half of its maximum velocity. Vmax is the maximum velocity of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. In this case, we want an asparaginase variant that can Show moreā¦
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6. Radioimmunotherapy is a cancer treatment in which radioactive atoms are attached to tumor-specific antibody molecules and then injected into the blood. The antibody molecules then attach only to tumor cells, where they then deliver the cell-killing radioactivity. The following model for this process was introduced in Example 10.1.1: $$\frac{d x_{1}}{d t}=-a x_{1}-b x_{1} \quad \frac{d x_{2}}{d t}=b x_{1}-c x_{2}$$ $$\begin{array}{l}{\text { where } x_{1} \text { denotes the amount of antibody in the blood and } x_{2}} \\ {\text { the amount of antibody taken up by the tumor (both in } \mu g ) .} \\ {\text { All constants are positive. }} \\ {\text { (a) Find the general solution. }} \\ {\text { (b) Suppose that } x_{1}(0)=x_{0} \text { and } x_{2}(0)=0 . \text { What is the }} \\ {\text { solution to this initial-value problem? }}\end{array}$$
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33- Which healthy cells are susceptible to radiation treatment? Select one: a. Rapidly dividing cells b. Stem cells in the bone marrow c. Stem cells lining the digestive tract d. All of the above 34- Which type of cancer cells appear to be the most difficult to kill by radiotherapy? Select one: a. Rapidly dividing cells b. Cells that are exposed to excessive oxygen c. Regions of tumors that have low oxygen concentrations d. All of these cells are equally sensitive to radiation therapy 35- Metastasis is associated with what % of cancer-related deaths? Select one: a. >90% b. 70% c. 50% d. 10% e. 0.1% 36- What % of cancers have already metastasized at the time of diagnosis? Select one: a. 33% b. 70% c. >90% d. 0.1% 37- The current US budget for cancer research is approximately: Select one: a. 10% b. 5% c. 1% d. 0.1% e. 0.01%
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