12) Fermentation, Lipid Catabolism and Protein Catabolism are all types of alternatives to carbohydrate catabolism. Describe the specific details of these three alternatives in the context of the stages of cellular respiration. In other words, how and where is the ATP produced? (6 pts)
13) Taking the 5 oxygen utilization strategies, from obligate aerobe to obligate anaerobe, detail the characteristics which make each class of organism that way, taking into account 2 things: A) metabolism mechanisms possessed by each type of organism (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation), and B) ways to deal with O2 radicals. (5 pts)
14) Given the following descriptions of carbon, electron and energy sources, what classification would this organism fall into? Acquires organic molecules from other organisms: Acquires energy from oxidizing inorganic and organic molecules; Acquires electrons from the same organic molecules providing carbon and energy. (6 pts)
15) Considering the Relative Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, why do organisms get placed in the hierarchy of most resistant to most susceptible? Include in your identification of why the microbe is where it is in the hierarchy for the following: Organisms capable of producing endospores; Cysts of Cryptosporidium versus cysts of other Protozoa; Mycobacteria; Small nonenveloped viruses; Most Gram-negative bacteria; Large nonenveloped viruses; Most Gram-positive bacteria; Enveloped viruses. Interestingly, the coronaviruses are enveloped viruses. (8 pts)
16) For the antimicrobials which inhibit protein synthesis, there are 7 types of mechanisms utilized by the various antimicrobials inhibiting protein synthesis. For each mechanism, list: 1) ribosomal subunit (30S or 50S) or other component targeted by the antimicrobial; 2) a brief description of the inhibitory mechanism; and 3) an example antimicrobial agent in that sub-category, such as tetracycline. Table 10.2 can assist with this. (7 pts)
17) For the antimicrobials which inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, there are 4 types of mechanisms utilized by the various antimicrobial agents. For each of these mechanisms, organisms have evolved mechanisms of resistance. List the mechanism(s) of resistance that organisms use, for each of the 4 types of cell wall synthesis inhibitors. (6 pts)