14. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) A. stimulates reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. B. stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption. C. inhibits reabsorption of calcium but stimulates phosphate reabsorption. D. inhibits reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. 15. The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is A. primary active transport by means of a protein pump. B. osmosis through aquaporins. C. secondary active transport by means of a sodium-water symporter. D. bulk transport by means of endocytosis. 16. Dehydration results in A. increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption. B. increased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption. C. decreased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption. D. decreased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption. 17. Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver? A. Urea B. Deoxyribose C. Uric acid D. Creatinine 18. The normal pH for urine A. is anything below 7.0. B. is anything above 7.0 C. ranges between 4.5 and 8.0. D. ranges between 3.0 and 6.0. E. ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein. 19. At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest? A. Infancy B. Childhood C. Middle age D. Advanced age 20. When comparing a lean adult female to a lean adult male, which will most likely have a higher percentage of body fluid? A. The female B. The male 21. Fluid imbalances are more common in individuals with a ______ percentage of body fluid. A. high B. low 22. Elderly individuals generally have a ______ percentage of body fluid and are therefore ______ prone to fluid imbalances. A. high; more B. high; less C. low; less D. low; more
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Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? a) activation of osteoclasts b) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys c) increase intestinal absorption of calcium ions d) all are methods used to maintain blood calcium Which hormone results in reabsorption of sodium in the kidney? a) aldosterone b) insulin c) ADH d) FSH e) none of these ADH and aldosterone will both ------- blood pressure. a) increase b) decrease
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13. Describe how each of the following hormones regulates reabsorption: HORMONE SUBSTANCE(S) REGULATED? HOW REGULATION OCCURS? Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 14. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the rate at which filtrate (and therefore urine) is produced. Your blood pressure varies on a daily basis for a variety of reasons, and this affects GFR: high blood pressure = high GFR (because blood is ‐pushing harder" on the walls of the glomerular capillaries, like a hose turned on high), low blood pressure = low GFR. In spite of these changes in blood pressure, your kidneys are able to compensate and maintain a relatively constant GFR, and thus a relatively constant production of urine. Under NORMAL conditions (blood pressure not too low or too high), GFR (and therefore urine production) is maintained by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), through a process called renal autoregulation. In the diagram below, LABEL the components of the JGA (afferent arteriole, granular cells, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), macula densa) and draw an ARROW pointing to where mesangial cells would be found. Efferent arteriole Proximal Convoluted Tubule Renal autoregulation occurs through two mechanisms: ● Myogenic response: granular cells relax or contract in response to changes in - LOW blood pressure → granular cells relax / contract (circle one) → afferent arteriole becomes smaller / larger (circle one) → more / less (circle one) blood flows into glomerulus → filtration rate restored
Adi S.
All of the following are mechanisms of renal autoregulation of GFR EXCEPT: a. sympathetic stimulation of afferent arterioles b. the action of angiotensin on afferent and efferent arterioles c. the action of NP on mesangial cells d. vasoconstriction in response to stretching of afferent arteriole walls e. secretion of ADH in response to increased osmolarity of blood Sodium ion transporters in the proximal convoluted tubule promote the reabsorption of All of the following EXCEPT: a. ammonium ions b. bicarbonate ions c. chloride ions d. glucose e. amino acids An increase in blood pressure in the afferent arterioles of the kidney will result in All of the following EXCEPT: a. a decrease in the release of atrial natriuretic peptide b. an increase in glomerular filtration rate c. an increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure d. a somewhat greater output of urine e. a decrease in release of renin by juxtaglomerular cells Blood in the renal vein may have a higher concentration of bicarbonate ions than blood in the renal artery because: a. bicarbonate ions cannot pass the glomerular filter, so blood becomes more concentrated as water enters the nephrons and bicarbonate ions stay behind. b. the rate of cellular respiration is higher in the endothelium of the renal venules than in the endothelium of the renal arterioles c. newly produced bicarbonate ions (as opposed to filtered bicarbonate ions) are added to the blood by the intercalated cells of the collecting ducts as they secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid d. hydrogen ions must be added to the venous blood to maintain pH balance, so bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed at the same time to maintain electrical balance e. large ions like bicarbonate ions are necessary in the venous blood to help maintain blood colloid osmotic pressure
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