15. The crisis of older adulthood (65+ years of age), according to Erikson, is ______. a. Identity vs Role Confusion b. Generativity vs Stagnation c. Intimacy vs Isolation d. Integrity vs Despair 16. Money and praise are examples of a__________ reinforcer. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Reflexive d. Biological 17. What is the genetic material that is contained within the cells of the human body? a. Glucose b. Insulin c. APT d. DNA 18. The belief that stress, physical exertion and bodily damage are the cause of aging is the foundation for the __________theory of aging. a. Free-Radical b. Cellular-Clock c. Wear-and-Tear d. Biological 19. Which of the following individuals has proposed the concept of the language acquisition device (LAD)? a. Ainsworth b. Erikson c. Chomsky d. Pavlov 20. Which of the following individuals conducted early studies on moral development? a. Kohlberg b. Freud c. Piaget d. Darwin 21. A teratogen is any substance that can cause a birth defect. a. True b. False
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Theory Main Idea Strengths Weaknesses Piaget's theory of cognitive development Reasoning develops in four universal stages from birth through adolescence; in each stage, the child builds a different kind of scheme. Helps explain how much information people of different ages can manage at one time and how they process it; provides a useful framework for studying individual differences in people of the same age. Stage concept may cause adults to underestimate children's reasoning abilities; there may be additional stages in adulthood. Information-processing theory The computer is used as a model for human cognitive functioning: encoding, storage, and retrieval processes change with age, causing changes in memory function; these changes happen because of both brain maturation and practice. Incorporates group learning processes into explanations of individual cognitive development. Human information processing is much more complex than that of a computer; the theory doesn't provide an overall picture of development. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Language and social factors spur cognitive development. Helps explain how children of different ages think about and act on the world. There is insufficient evidence to support most ideas.
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Which item is out of place here? achieving control of motor behaviors sensorimotor stage object permanence egocentrism According to recent research, depth perception is present in babies as young as ____. 4 days old 4 weeks old 4 months old 14 months old Recent studies carried out in Mexico regarding when children achieve conservation have demonstrated that cognitive abilities may be affected by ____. the prenatal environment what language the children speak culture-related experience emotional maturity According to Erikson, the major psychosocial task for the 3-year-old is the development of ____. a secure attachment conservation of size a sense of right and wrong some sense of independence from the parents According to the Chapter Presentation on Blackboard, which debate is illustrated by Piaget's belief that all children pass through the 4 stages of cognitive development in the same order? nature vs. nurture early vs. late stages individual versus shared characteristics active vs. passive
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Discuss the contemporary approaches to psychology. These include the following: biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Part 1: Compare and contrast two perspectives. How are they similar and how are they different? Next, read the following scenario about John. Consider the two psychological perspectives you chose above. How might a psychologist in each of these perspectives approach John's situation? What might they think could be causing the situation? How might they try to resolve the situation? Scenario: John is a 15-year-old male. He lives with his mother, who works multiple jobs to make ends meet. They reside in a rough lower socioeconomic neighborhood. He has not seen his biological father in 10 years. John spends a great deal of time with no adult supervision or influence and has started drinking alcohol. John had a history of being abused as a young child. John comes from an ethnic background that celebrates the importance of toughness in males. He gets acceptance from his peers who praise him for his toughness. Because he has had no real positive influences in his life, he often thinks very negatively about himself. He has been accused of bullying other kids in school and has been suspended on a number of occasions. He now faces the possibility of being expelled from school. His mother talks to the school psychologist about helping him look for more positive ways to express his strengths and masculinity.
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