Question

4. (18 points) Under starvation conditions where amino acids are being actively converted to glucose, ketogenic amino acids such as leucine are often converted to ketone bodies in the liver. The following shows the conversion of leucine to 1 molecule of acetyl CoA and 1 molecule of ??-hydroxybutyrate. The resulting acetyl CoA can be converted to ??-hydroxybutyrate using the following route. All ??-hydroxybutyrate will be exported from the liver to be used elsewhere, thus, we will not be oxidizing any acetyl CoA to CO2. Assume that one molecule of urea will be produced. a. (2 points) How many moles of leucine are required if one mole of urea is to be produced? b. (3 points) If all acetyl CoA from leucine metabolism is used for ??-hydroxybutyrate production, how many moles of ??-hydroxybutyrate will be produced? c. (11 points) Use a table to determine the overall net production/use of ATP from the process of converting leucine into ??-hydroxybutyrate and eliminating the nitrogen as urea. Make sure to include any steps in the process where NADH, FADH2, or ATP are produced or consumed. You will need to determine the overall net production of NADH and FADH2, then convert these to ATP using the maximum mitochondrial ATP yield.

          4. (18 points) Under starvation conditions where amino acids are being actively converted to glucose, ketogenic amino acids such as leucine are often converted to ketone bodies in the liver. The following shows the conversion of leucine to 1 molecule of acetyl CoA and 1 molecule of ??-hydroxybutyrate.

The resulting acetyl CoA can be converted to ??-hydroxybutyrate using the following route. All ??-hydroxybutyrate will be exported from the liver to be used elsewhere, thus, we will not be oxidizing any acetyl CoA to CO2.

Assume that one molecule of urea will be produced.

a. (2 points) How many moles of leucine are required if one mole of urea is to be produced?

b. (3 points) If all acetyl CoA from leucine metabolism is used for ??-hydroxybutyrate production, how many moles of ??-hydroxybutyrate will be produced?

c. (11 points) Use a table to determine the overall net production/use of ATP from the process of converting leucine into ??-hydroxybutyrate and eliminating the nitrogen as urea. Make sure to include any steps in the process where NADH, FADH2, or ATP are produced or consumed. You will need to determine the overall net production of NADH and FADH2, then convert these to ATP using the maximum mitochondrial ATP yield.

4. (18 points) Under starvation conditions where amino acids are being actively converted to glucose, ketogenic amino acids such as leucine are often converted to ketone bodies in the liver. The following shows the conversion of leucine to 1 molecule of acetyl CoA and 1 molecule of ??-hydroxybutyrate.

The resulting acetyl CoA can be converted to ??-hydroxybutyrate using the following route. All ??-hydroxybutyrate will be exported from the liver to be used elsewhere, thus, we will not be oxidizing any acetyl CoA to CO2.

Assume that one molecule of urea will be produced.

a. (2 points) How many moles of leucine are required if one mole of urea is to be produced?

b. (3 points) If all acetyl CoA from leucine metabolism is used for ??-hydroxybutyrate production, how many moles of ??-hydroxybutyrate will be produced?

c. (11 points) Use a table to determine the overall net production/use of ATP from the process of converting leucine into ??-hydroxybutyrate and eliminating the nitrogen as urea. Make sure to include any steps in the process where NADH, FADH2, or ATP are produced or consumed. You will need to determine the overall net production of NADH and FADH2, then convert these to ATP using the maximum mitochondrial ATP yield.

Added by Christopher C.

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