11. Segmented influenza RNA genomes are capable of a. reverse transcription. c. reassortment. b. cell fusion. d. proviral transposition. 12. Which of the following statements regarding the influenza virus is FALSE? a. The genome of influenza is very tiny to allow the generation of as many virions as possible. b. The influenza genome maximizes gene reassortment. c. The genome of influenza is well designed for evasion of the immune system. d. The influenza genome allows for large quantities of virions to be created for continued infection. 13. Which of the following stages of the influenza infection cycle is inhibited by Tamiflu? a. the coating of the capsid envelope b. the assembly of the capsid c. the cleaving of the host receptor and release of the virus by budding d. the packaging of viral genome segments and exit from the nucleus 14. Why must influenza have highly efficient host-to-host transmission? a. because of its rapid infection c. because of genetic reassortment b. because of its slow infection d. because of latent infection 15. What is the cure for infection with HIV? a. vaccine c. antiviral drugs b. radiation d. There is no cure for HIV. 16. A small subset of the human population does not express the CD4 and CCR5 receptors. To what virus are these individuals naturally immune?
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Influenza A virus is the most pathogenic of the human influenza viruses. Its envelope encloses a protein complex (vRNP) and eight, single-stranded, negative RNA (the complement of a positive RNA strand that can be transcribed by a ribosome) segments (vRNA). Each segment encodes one or two proteins that support viral replication. On the outer surface of the envelope are proteins that recognize and bind to host receptors. A. Annotate the representation below to briefly describe each process associated with a numbered label. B. Describe influenza A viral replication as a process regulated by either positive or negative feedback and justify your selection. The human-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and many cancers are cause by double-stranded RNA retroviruses C. Contrast the processes of viral replication of HIV and influenza A virus. D. Explain the difference in the effects of infection by HIV and influenza A virus on host genetic variability. E. Measured mutation rates for influenza A virus and HIV are nearly identical (Sanjuan et al., Jour. Virology, 2010). Explain this observation even though host error-checking operates in one of these replication modes
Immediately after entering the cell, how many lipid bilayers will surround the influenza capsid? a. 4 b. 2 c. 5 d. 6 2. If there was a mutation that deleted the M2 ion channel protein of the influenza virus, how would this affect the virus's ability to infect human heart cells? (Assume heart cells do not have sialic acids) a. It would not allow the influenza virus to exit to lysosome in the heart cells b. It would cause the replication machinery used by the virus to not function in the heart cells c. It would not affect influenza's infectivity of heart cells since the virus would not be able to enter the cells in the first place d. The M2 ion channel does not exist in the influenza genome so it would have no effect 3. Which of the following are cells involved in the innate immune system? Choose all that apply a. Basophils b. Macrophages c. Dendritic cells d. B cells e. Monocytes f. NK cells g. T cells h. Eosinophils
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1.7 In order to replicate replicate their genomes, dsRNA, + sense, and - sense ssRNA viruses make use of; [1] a) Reverse transcriptase b) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase c) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase d) Both b and c are correct 1.8 Infection with the influenza virus may result through [1] a) Consumption of contaminated water b) Inhalation or ingestion of infected respiratory secretions c) Contact with faecal material of an infected person d) All of the above e) None of the above 1.9 The main function of reverse transcriptase is to catalyse; [1] a) degrade RNA from RNA b) integrate the host cell genome and serves as template for mRNA synthesis c) transcribes single-stranded RNA into DNA d) None of the above
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