21. In eukaryotes, after the ribosomes complete synthesis, one might expect a) a new protein molecule to appear inside the ER b) a protein to insert into the cell membrane, c) an increase in the amount of enzyme in the cell organelles, d) the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of protein structure to form inside the ER. e) All are possible.
22. The concept of endosymbiosis as applied to the chloroplast and to the mitochondria found in eukaryotes: a) changes present-day animals into plants, b) is based on evidence that Chloroplasts and Mitochondria were originally prokaryotes, c) explains how chemical evolution caused the appearance of life, d) caused chloroplasts to carry out aerobic metabolism, e) all are true.
23. Collagen is a biomacromolecule, a polymer synthesized from amino acids that the amoebocyte cells of the Porifera (Sponges) use to make their exoskeleton (external skeleton). Most likely, the collagen is made available by these cells for use as an exoskeleton by the process of exocytosis by the: A) the Golgi apparatus, B) the lysozymes, C) the liposome, D) the nucleus, E) none of these.
24. When a food stimulus (chemicals from a tiny piece of muscle tissue) is placed in pond water near a paramecium, the paramecium has been observed to move the rows of cilia like oars resulting in the paramecium moving toward the stimulus. This interaction might occur in which of the following ways: a) A chemical from the food binds to a receptor molecule in the cell membrane causing an electrical reaction in the membrane. b) Active transport moves Na+ ion into the cell by active transport. c) the Calvin cycle of Photosynthesis releases electrons to move the cytoskeleton. d) DNA activates a binding site. e) None of these are examples.
25. Which is NOT a characteristic of mitochondria? They: a) have two membranes. b) are the site of cellular aerobic respiration. c) have a nucleus. d) contain their own DNA and ribosomes. e) the material inside their inner membrane (the cellular matrix) is similar to the cytoplasm of a prokaryote.
26. The sequence of nucleotides found in mRNA is determined by the a) structure of DNA polymerase, b) sequence of amino acids in a protein, c) large complex proteins, d) sequence of nucleotides in a gene in the DNA, e) fatty acids and glycerol in the cell.
27. In eukaryotes, fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in cells that have: a) Golgi that store glucose, b) liposomes that cannot make or use ATP, c) lysosomes that make glycogen, d) liposomes that contain an enzyme that performs dehydration synthesis to form triglycerides, e) mRNA that makes amino acids into fat.
28. Which of the following is true for the tRNA of eukaryote cells? tRNA is a) made of DNA and protein, b) the active site in carbohydrate synthesis, c) a subunit that forms mRNA from the codon of DNA. d) has the specific sequence of bases (anti-codon) that interacts with the base sequence (codon) of mRNA e) found inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
29. The multi-cellular body plan (demonstrated by the Cnidaria and the more advanced descendants including Humans) is possible because of the evolution of specialized cells resulting from changes that include: a) membrane proteins (transport proteins, adhering proteins, receptor proteins, etc.), b) DNA mutations and chromosomes, c) O2 binding molecules such as hemoglobin, receptor proteins, enzymes, d) large polymers, such as Myosin, hormone regulator molecules like Insulin, e) all of these are correct.
30. During the process of evolution, the fact that a prokaryote has the ability to make a new protein that is placed in the cell membrane of the mesosome is important because this represents a) the process of mutation producing new genes, b) the species developing new DNA producing a new genetic variation, c) rRNA using a new type of mRNA, d) the species can have a greater degree of genetic variability so that it can adapt as the environment changes, e) all are true.
31. The membrane structure that eventually evolved into the double nuclear membrane of the eukaryotes first appears in the: a) period of Chemical evolution, b) Prokaryotes, c) Eukaryotes, d) the protocell, e) Plants.