2.2 What are the four major components of respiration? 2.3 Name three hormones that regulate tubular reabsorption and indicate only one effect induced by these hormones.
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- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) - External respiration (gas exchange between alveoli and blood) - Transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood) - Internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and body tissues) Show more…
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1. explain how does ADH control the reabsorption of water. 2. explain how does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions.
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13. Describe how each of the following hormones regulates reabsorption: HORMONE SUBSTANCE(S) REGULATED? HOW REGULATION OCCURS? Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 14. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the rate at which filtrate (and therefore urine) is produced. Your blood pressure varies on a daily basis for a variety of reasons, and this affects GFR: high blood pressure = high GFR (because blood is ‐pushing harder" on the walls of the glomerular capillaries, like a hose turned on high), low blood pressure = low GFR. In spite of these changes in blood pressure, your kidneys are able to compensate and maintain a relatively constant GFR, and thus a relatively constant production of urine. Under NORMAL conditions (blood pressure not too low or too high), GFR (and therefore urine production) is maintained by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), through a process called renal autoregulation. In the diagram below, LABEL the components of the JGA (afferent arteriole, granular cells, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), macula densa) and draw an ARROW pointing to where mesangial cells would be found. Efferent arteriole Proximal Convoluted Tubule Renal autoregulation occurs through two mechanisms: ● Myogenic response: granular cells relax or contract in response to changes in - LOW blood pressure → granular cells relax / contract (circle one) → afferent arteriole becomes smaller / larger (circle one) → more / less (circle one) blood flows into glomerulus → filtration rate restored
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There are key differences between the regulation of water and salt reabsorption when facing hypovolemia or extracellular fluid (ECF) hyperosmolarity and these differences allow to maintain water solute balance (aka osmoregulation). (a) Name the two hormones involved in the regulation of these two types of responses and briefly mention what mechanism they trigger, and how each one affects volume and osmolarity of the ECF. (b) (i) What type of sensor responds to hyperosmolarity? (ii) When these sensors are activated by the hyperosmolarity of the ECF, the secretion of one of the hormones from part A is induced, and the secretion of the other one is inhibited. Which hormone is activated, which hormone is inhibited? (c) What would happen if the hormone that was inhibited in part b was not inhibited during hyperosmolarity?
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