29 Mark for Review Figure 1. The electron transport chain of cellular respiration. The bold arrows passing through the complexes in the membrane represent the path of electron flow in mitochondria. Compound X binds to complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and prevents complex IV from accepting electrons. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains why the cells of an animal exposed to compound X have an increased ratio of NADH to \( \mathrm{NAD}^{+} \)?
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- Complex IV is responsible for transferring electrons to oxygen, the final electron acceptor, forming water. Show moreā¦
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Question 8 The electrons of NADH are donated to the first complex of the electron transport chain and as a result H+ ions are transported across the inner membrane. Question 9 The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is O2. Question 10 How do the catabolic metabolic pathways rapidly respond to energy needs in the cell? Group of answer choices A. The intermediates in the pathways can be quickly degraded to stop the pathways. B. The genes coding for the enzymes in the pathway are regulated up or down. C. Enzymes in the pathways are regulated up or down by such molecules as ATP or NAD+. D. The pathways are stopped by binding of inhibitory proteins to the specific enzymes in the pathway.
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44. How will you arrange the following electron acceptors in order to have a spontaneous transfer of electrons: ubiquinone, cytochrome c, FAD, cytochrome a? Explain your answer. 45. A hydrogen ion gradient has developed across the inner membrane of the mitochondria with ĪĪØ = -0.20 V. What kind of difference in pH across the membrane is necessary to maintain a free energy change for the transfer of a proton at -22 kJ/mol. 46. Why do you ultimately get less ATP from the oxidation of FADH2 in the ETC compared to the oxidation of NADH? 47. If you are able to get, on average, 2.5 ATPs per NADH and 1.5 ATPs per FADH2, how many ATPs can you gain from the oxidation of glucose into CO2. How many do you get from the three different parts of the metabolic pathway: glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle? 48. Recall that NADH is produced in glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm. How does the NADH shuttle its high energy electrons to the ETC to gain ATP? 49. Identify and discuss the function of the organelle shown to the right. Identify the locations of all the metabolic steps we have discussed (glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis), given this diagram. 50. For aerobic organisms, which step(s) in the metabolic pathway actually involve oxygen directly (as a reactant or product)? What is the role of oxygen? What steps are slowed down or even halted in the absence of oxygen? 51. Write down the over-all chemical equation for the complete oxidation of glucose into carbon dioxide and water. Note that each of reactants and products contain oxygen atoms. Identify where the oxygen of the reactants (glucose and oxygen gas) ultimately end up in the products (carbon dioxide or water).
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