35) How does the arrangement of spongy bone and compact bone different in long bones than in short/irregular/flat bones? What is found in this cavity? Define the terms: epiphysis & diaphysis? What class of bones have these features? Where is each found? What is a medullary cavity? Where is it found?
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Review the three types of cartilage from Chapter 4. Describe the following types of bones: long bones, irregular bones, short bones, sesamoid bones (a special type of short bone), flat bones, sutural bones (a special type of irregular bone). List and describe 6 functions of bones. Using a diagram similar to a long bone, identify the following structures: diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, compact bone, metaphysis, spongy bone. Which type of cartilage is articular cartilage? Where is it located? Describe the location of the periosteum and the perforating fibers. Describe the location of the endosteum. Describe the chemical composition of bone.
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Part B – The terms from the list are listed below. Describe each bone tissue structure in your own words. In your description of the bones (skull, vertebral column, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, os coxa, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges), you need to share at least one body region where the bone is located (I did the first bone term for you… skull). Be sure to use the anatomical terms you learned in Assignment 1 and note that there may be several correct answers but you only need to share one region (this task will be important as you learn specific structures in the next module and prepare for the anatomy questions on the exam). Last, please remember to address the prompts at the end. compact bone – Dense and hard bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones. (located in the diaphysis region) osteon – A structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric layers of bone tissue surrounding a central canal. (located in the compact bone) central canal – A cylindrical channel in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves. (located in the osteon) concentric lamellae – Layers of bone tissue that surround the central canal in an osteon. (located in the osteon) lacuna – Small spaces within the concentric lamellae that contain osteocytes. (located in the concentric lamellae) osteocyte – Mature bone cells that are found within lacunae. (located in the lacuna) canaliculi – Tiny channels that connect lacunae and allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between osteocytes. (located in the lacuna) nutrient foramen – Openings in the bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to enter and exit. (located in the compact bone) perforating canal – Canals that run perpendicular to the central canals and connect multiple osteons. (located in the compact bone) interstitial lamella – Layers of bone tissue that fill the spaces between osteons. (located in the compact bone) circumferential lamella – Layers of bone tissue that run parallel to the surface of the bone and help to resist twisting forces. (located in the compact bone) endosteum – A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of long bones. (located in the medullary cavity) periosteum – A dense layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones. (located on the outer surface of bones) perforating fibers – Collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone. (located in the periosteum) spongy bone – Less dense bone tissue that is found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of flat bones. (located in the epiphysis region) axial skeleton – The bones that make up the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. (located in the axial region) appendicular skeleton – The bones of the limbs and their associated girdles. (located in the appendicular region) skull – The bones that make up the head. (located in the cephalic region) vertebral column – The series of bones that make up the spine. (located in the vertebral region) true ribs – The first seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum. (located in the thoracic region) false ribs – The next five pairs of ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum. (located in the thoracic region) floating ribs – The last two pairs of ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all. (located in the thoracic region) sternum – The flat bone located in the center of the chest. (located in the thoracic region) clavicle – The bone that connects the sternum to the scapula. (located in the pectoral region) scapula – The flat bone that forms the shoulder blade. (located in the pectoral region) humerus – The bone of the upper arm. (located in the brachial region) radius – The bone on the thumb side of the forearm. (located in the antebrachial region) ulna – The bone on the pinky side of the forearm. (located in the antebrachial region) carpals – The bones of the wrist. (located in the carpal region) metacarpals – The bones of the palm of the hand. (located in the metacarpal region) phalanges – The bones of the fingers and toes. (located in the digital region) os coxa – The hip bone. (located in the pelvic region) femur – The bone of the thigh. (located in the femoral region) patella – The kneecap. (located in the patellar region) tibia – The larger bone of the lower leg. (located in the crural region) fibula – The smaller bone of the lower leg. (located in the crural region) tarsals – The bones of the ankle. (located in the tarsal region) metatarsals – The bones of the foot. (located in the metatarsal region) phalanges – The bones of the toes. (located in the digital region) diaphysis – The shaft of a long bone. (located in the long bone) epiphysis – The ends of a long bone. (located in the long bone) Prompts - reviewing the directional terms from module 1, fill in the blanks When standing in anatomical position, the radius is lateral to the ulna. The fibula is lateral to the os coxa. The femur is proximal to the tarsals. The clavicle is superior to the false ribs. The tibia is medial to the fibula. Then, please describe below (in your own words) at least two differences AND two similarities between spongy bone and compact bone.
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