Given:
- Minimum load, \( F_{\text{min}} = 12 \, \text{kN} \)
- Maximum load, \( F_{\text{max}} = 28 \, \text{kN} \)
Mean load, \( F_m = \frac{F_{\text{max}} + F_{\text{min}}}{2} = \frac{28 + 12}{2} = 20 \, \text{kN} \)
Alternating load, \( F_a =
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