7 (2) 2.1.3 Give a conclusion for this investigation. (3) 2.1.4 State THREE ways in which the learners could have made their results more reliable. [9] QUESTION 3 \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline 3.1 & According to classification diagrams of vertebrates, some ancient reptiles \end{tabular} developed into mammals and other reptiles developed into birds. Study the classification diagram below of reptile related families and answer the questions that follow. 3.1.1 Which group of vertebrates was the common ancestor of mammals and mammal-like reptiles according to the diagram above? (1)
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According to the diagram, both groups are derived from "Synapsids." Show more…
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Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds, mammals, avian endothermy, asymmetrical feathers, bipedalism, parental care, endothermy, mammary glands, hair, keratinized scales, amniote egg. 1. Identify all of the synapomorphies shown in the cladogram. 2. What is the function of a synapomorphy in a cladistic analysis? 3. Identify all of the autapomorphies shown in the cladogram. 4. What is the function of an autapomorphy in a cladistic analysis? 5. According to the cladogram, which character evolved first: keratinized scales or hair? 6. Do the traditional reptiles (turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaurs, including their common ancestors) constitute a monophyletic group? Why or why not? If not, how must the reptiles be redefined to create a monophyletic group?
Adi S.
Construct a phylogenetic tree using the table below. Make sure you show where a trait evolved on your tree. Answer the following question using your phylogenetic tree. On your tree put a square around the branches that include lizard and crocodiles and their common ancestor. Is this a MONOPHYLETIC, PARAPHYLETIC, OR POLYPHYLETIC taxon? Why? Is the above taxon a CLADE? Why? What is a shared derived trait in Birds? What is a shared ancestral trait of crocs, lizards, & pigeons? Identify any homoplasies that may exist in your tree. Show your tree with alternative hypothesis in regards to evolutionary relationships.
Sri K.
2. A. Suppose species 1, 2, and 3 are endemic to a group of islands (such as the Galápagos) and are all descended from species 4 on the mainland (which will serve as an outgroup; its very large population size means that no new mutations have become fixed in its population in the time since the islands were colonized). We sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species (among many other loci that do not vary). The nucleotide bases at these sites are: Species 1: GCTGATGAGT Species 2: ATCAATGAGT Species 3: GTTGCAACGT Species 4: GTCAATGACA Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible UNROOTED trees and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. B. Suppose the species in the previous question are birds that differ in diet: species 1 and 3 are insectivorous (they eat insects), and species 2 and 4 are frugivorous (they eat fruit). We also happen to know that another frugivorous species, species 5, is a mainland relative of species 4. Given your best estimate of the phylogenetic history, what has been the probable history of the evolution of diet in this clade of birds?
Dominador T.
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