A group of college students is restricted to four hours of sleep per night for five days. After this time, the students are given a glucose tolerance test and are found to be pre-diabetic. Researchers hypothesized that the lack of sleep triggered the body to respond as if it were undergoing long-term stress. The type of diabetes that the college students are at risk for and the reason this form of diabetes develops are, respectively Select one: a. Type of Diabetes Reason This Type of Diabetes Develops Type 1 and 2 diabetes The body does not produce insulin. b. Type of Diabetes Reason This Type of Diabetes Develops Type 2 diabetes mellitus The body becomes resistant to insulin. c. Type of Diabetes Reason This Type of Diabetes Develops Diabetes insipidus The body becomes resistant to insulin. d. Type of Diabetes Reason This Type of Diabetes Develops Type 1 diabetes mellitus The body does not produce insulin.
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Step 1: The type of diabetes that the college students are at risk for is Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Show more…
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Diabetes results when either insulin cannot be produced or does not function properly. Consequently, diabetes can produce complications such as blindness, heart disease, and kidney disease. To help manage diabetes, a patient can get insulin injections. How do insulin injections promote a negative feedback loop to help maintain blood glucose production? a. Insulin injections allow transport and storage of glucose to increase blood glucose levels after consuming a large or high-glucose meal. b. Insulin injections allow only storage of glucose to decrease blood glucose levels after consuming a large or high-glucose meal. c. Insulin injections allow transport and storage of glucose to increase blood glucose levels before consuming a meal. d. Insulin injections allow transport and storage of glucose to decrease blood glucose levels after consuming a large or high-glucose meal.
Diabetes is a term coined by ancient physicians to describe conditions in which there is excessive excretion of urine. In diabetes mellitus, the increased amount of glucose in the blood causes more glucose to appear in the urine and less water is reabsorbed in the kidney. Mellitus is a Latin word meaning sweetened with honey. In older times physicians diagnosed diabetes mellitus by tasting the urine. A second form of diabetes is diabetes insipidus. Insipidus is a Latin word meaning absence of taste: the urine in diabetes insipidus is very dilute. If we have consumed a lot of water we need to produce dilute urine to remove the excess water from the body, but if our water intake is inadequate we need to conserve water. 1. Define homeostasis. (1 mark) 2. Describe the negative feedback loop that controls of blood sugar levels in the body. Use diagrams and labels. (2 marks) A patient presents at the doctors, male, 22 years of age with rapid weight loss, increased thirst and high levels of glucose in their urine. 3. Predict the diagnosis for this patient and explain which cells within the pancreas have limited function in diabetes. (2 marks) 4. One method to treat type 1 diabetes is transplantation of islets from cadavers but this requires that the islets be protected from immune attack. Using your understanding of the immune system, explain why the human body rejects non-self and what treatments might be used to suppress the immune response. (3 marks) 5. Common issues of diabetes over time are blindness, kidney failure and problems with peripheral circulation. Research and explain the benefit in the new technology of continuous glucose monitoring for this 22-year old and the likelihood of comorbidity. (3 marks)
Madhur L.
Diabetes and Insulin Signaling Diabetes affects 25.8 million people in the US. The number of young people that are annually diagnosed with diabetes is on the rise, with 15,600 diagnosed with type-1 diabetes and 3,600 diagnosed with type-2 diabetes. In 2007, the estimated annual cost of diabetes was $174 billion dollars. Average medical expenditures of individuals with diabetes are 2.3 times higher than people without diabetes. The major complications with diabetes are heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, blindness, kidney disease, nervous system damage, and amputation. Type-2 diabetes results from target cells that don't respond as well to insulin. If untreated, type-2 diabetes leads to excess glucose in the blood. If cells cannot use glucose metabolism for energy, they can start breaking down protein. Excess protein metabolism can lead to a buildup of byproducts known as ketoacids. These ketoacids in combination with excess blood glucose can lead to a host of physiological problems including: - Blurred vision -> blindness - Weak immune system - Fatigue - Impaired cognitive function - Kidney problems (frequent urination, dehydration) -> dialysis - Irregular heartbeat -> heart attack - Loss of sensation in limbs (especially feet) - Coma/death - Poor wound healing - with foot lesions -> amputation Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (1). The receptor is activated, causing a conformation change known as dimerization (the coming together of two insulin receptors). The receptor adds a phosphate to amino acids (tyrosines) on the tail of the other insulin receptor in the pair (2). Signal transduction proteins interact with the phosphate group (3). Interaction of the phosphate groups with all of the different signaling proteins occurs simultaneously, but each pathway will be discussed individually. Signaling proteins and pathways will cause the short-term and long-term changes in response to the increased glucose in the bloodstream. One major short-term change is the fusion of vesicles containing glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the cell membrane (4). Once these transporters are part of the cell surface, glucose is transported into the cell (5). Long-term cellular changes are caused by changes in gene transcription that result in specific proteins being made or not made. These pathways utilize many different signaling patterns, such as the direct activation of a transcription factor (T.F.) (6), the release of second messenger (7), and the activation of a kinase cascade (8). All of these signaling pathways can result in the activation of transcription factors and their movement to the nucleus to activate transcription (9).
Shaiju T.
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