You have three jars containing marbles, as follows: 600 red and 400 white in jar 1, 900 blue and 100 white in jar 2, and 10 green and 990 white in jar 3. If you blindly select one marble from each jar, calculate the probability of obtaining: (1) a red, a blue, and a green. (2) three whites. (3) a red, a green, and a white. (4) a red and two whites. (5) a color and two whites. (6) at least one white. In a certain plant, R = red and r = white. You self a red R/r heterozygote with the express purpose of obtaining a white plant for an experiment. What minimum number of seeds do you have to grow to be at least 95 percent certain of obtaining at least one white individual? When a woman is injected with an egg fertilized in vitro, the probability of its implanting successfully is 20 percent. If a woman is injected with five eggs simultaneously, what is the probability that she will become pregnant? In tomatoes, red fruit is dominant over yellow, two-loculed fruit is dominant over many-loculed fruit, and tall vine is dominant over dwarf. A breeder has two pure lines: (1) red, two-loculed, dwarf and (2) yellow, many-loculed, tall. From these two lines, he wants to produce a new pure line for trade that is yellow, two-loculed, and tall. How exactly should he go about doing so? Show not only which crosses to make, but also how many progeny should be sampled in each case. We have dealt mainly with only two genes, but the same principles hold for more than two genes. Consider the following cross: A/a ; B/b ; C/c ; D/d ; E/e x a/a ; B/b ; c/c ; D/d ; e/e a. What proportion of progeny will phenotypically resemble (1) the first parent, (2) the second parent, (3) either parent; and (4) neither parent? b. What proportion of progeny will be genotypically the same as (1) the first parent, (2) the second parent, (3) either parent, and (4) neither parent? Assume independent assortment. In tomatoes, two alleles of one gene determine the character difference of purple (P) versus green (G) stems, and two alleles of a separate, independent gene determine the character difference of "cut" (C) versus "potato" (Po) leaves. The results for five matings of tomato-plant phenotypes are as follows: Mating 1: P, C x G, C (P,C: 321, P,Po: 101, G,C: 310, G,Po: 107) Mating 2: P, C x P, Po (P,C: 219, P,Po: 207, G,C: 64, G,Po: 71) Mating 3: P, C x G, C (P,C: 722, P,Po: 231, G,C: 0, G,Po: 0) Mating 4: P, C x G, Po (P,C: 404, P,Po: 0, G,C: 387, G,Po: 0) Mating 5: P, Po x G, C (P,C: 70, P,Po: 91, G,C: 86, G,Po: 77) a. Determine which alleles are dominant. b. What are the most probable genotypes for the parents in each cross? A corn geneticist has three pure lines of genotypes a/a ; B/B ; C/C, A/A ; b/b ; C/C, and A/A ; B/B ; c/c. All the phenotypes determined by a, b, and c will increase the market value of the corn; so, naturally, he wants to combine them all in one pure line of genotype a/a ; b/b ; c/c. a. Outline an effective crossing program that can be used to obtain the a/a ; b/b ; c/c pure line. b. At each stage, state exactly which phenotypes will be selected and give their expected frequencies. c. Is there more than one way to obtain the desired genotype? Which is the best way? Assume independent assortment of the three gene pairs. (Note: Corn will self- or cross-pollinate easily.) In humans, color vision depends on genes encoding