A 55-year-old male was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after experiencing complications from an infection during his youth. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that manifests as chronic inflammation, primarily in the joints. The patient states that he manages his symptoms well and lives a lifestyle that attempts to keep the inflammation at a minimum. CD4 T helper cells and other immune cells in a patient with RA promote cytokine release, especially release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), primarily in the joints. • What is the primary action of IL-1 and TNF? • What symptoms is the patient most likely to report?
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Step 1: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are cytokines that promote cytokine release in the joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Show more…
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